Lecture 3 Flashcards
Pre-linguistic stage of language acquisition
- Early vocalizations (e.g. squealing)
- Babbling (deaf babies babble with their hands if exposed to sign language)
One-word utterances
- Emerge around 1 year
* Holophrases = a single word standing in for a larger sentence
2 word utterences
- Around 18 months
- Replaced by telegraphic speech ( telegraphic speech is defined as a form of communication consisting of simple two-word long sentences often composed of a noun and a verb that adhere to the grammatical standards of the culture’s language. )
At what age does it get harder to become fluent in a foreign language
Children who arrive in a new country over the age of 7 are more likely to have accents etc.
Define:
- Aphasia
- Williams Syndrome
- Specific Language Impairment
- Some language abilities selectively impaired
- Cognitive Impairments paired with high levels of linguistic skill
- Linguistic impairments that appear to be genetically based
Chimps raised as children
- Children outperform chimps linguistically but not cognitively
- Can learn some sign language
- Bonobos can learn some syntax and use joint attention
Piaget stages of cognitive development
- Sensorimotor (0-2)
- represents the world in terms of her own sensations and reflexes - Preoperational (2-7)
- Child is egocentric and ignores all but one aspect of a problem - Concrete operational (7-12)
- Can apply operators to concrete information but not to abstract information - Formal operational (12+)
- Can engage in hypothetical deductive reasoning
Define:
- Orienting
- Alerting
- Executive Function
- Drawing attention to an element of a scene
- Fully developed in infancy - Attentional arousal
- Present in infancy but develops over time - Directing actions and problem solving
- Develops throughout childhood
When do they develop:
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Posterior Cortex
- Hippocampus
- Develops late - crucial for strategic and metamemorial knowledge
- Develops before prefrontal cortex - responsible for e.g. context-independent information e.g. storage of semantic facts
- Develops early - consolidates memories and helps set up retrieval system
Long-term memory includes ______
- Explicit memory (episodic memory, semantic memory, autobiographical memory)
- Implicit memory (procedural memory)
Infantile Amnesia
Childhood amnesia, also called infantile amnesia, is the inability of adults to retrieve episodic memories which are memories of specific events before the age of 2–4 years, as well as the period before age 10 of which adults retain fewer memories than might otherwise be expected given the passage of time.
3 explanations for Infantile Amnesia
- Memory format changes so one can’t access previous format
- Neural change - late maturation of certain brain structures e.g. hippocampus limit early storage
- Cueing hypothesis - types of cues that would trigger these memories are not present later on
Autobiographical memory - 3 Narrative features
- Orienting information
= Where an event happened and who was involved - Referential detail
= Describes physical properties of important entities in the narrative - Evaluation information
= Conveys the narrator’s own response to an event
Illusion of knowing
Young children overestimate their knowledge and do not adjust when given feedback
When do children become adequate at evaluating others’ knowledge?
around 4-6
