Lecture 5 Flashcards
(17 cards)
5 Stages of Puberty
- Prepubertal
- Beginning
- Testicle enlargement
- Elevation of breast - Midpubertal
- Further enlargement
- More & Darker hair growth
- Females 2:1 depressive disorders after this stage - Advanced
- Skin darkens
- Everything larger - Postpubertal
- Adult
Age of onset of puberty has ______ since the 19th century
Decreased
- Avg. 1850 = 16
- Avg. now = 13
Hormones during puberty
- Hypothalamus releases GnRH
- GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH
- LH and FSH stimulate the sex organs to produce oestrogen or testosterone
Gray matter becomes ______ dense as we grow up because of _____
Less dense because of synaptic pruning which doesn’t fully stop until early 20’s
Psychological effects of cognitive changes
- Imaginary audience (Elkind, 1967)
2. Personal fable
Effects of late maturation in boys
Can lead to lower confidence
Effects of early maturation in women
More likely to break social norms before 25
Sex, Marriage and Kids earlier than most
Moffitt (1993)
Maturity gap theory
- gap between biological and social maturity can lead to adolescence-limited delinquent behaviour
Brown (1999) model of romantic relationships
- Initiation phase
- Status phase
- Affection phase
- Bonding phase
Schlegel and Barry (1991)
- Found that tolerance of homosexuality has increased in Western Societies
- Aware of homosexual feelings = 10-15 years
- Coming out = 16.5 years old
Early theorists considered adolescence to be a time of ____ and _____?
Crisis and Turmoil
- Freud = surge of sexual conflict
- Blos = self-relying toddlers
Erikson’s psychosocial stages
1.1
Hope: Trust vs. Mistrust (oral-sensory, infancy, 0–2 years)
1.2
Will: Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (early childhood, 2–4 years)
1.3
Purpose: Initiative vs. Guilt (locomotor-genital, preschool, 4–5 years)
1.4
Competence: Industry vs. Inferiority (latency, school age, 5–12 years)
1.5
Fidelity: Identity vs. Role Confusion (adolescence, 13–19 years)
1.6
Love: Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood, 20-39 years)
1.7
Care: Generativity vs. Stagnation (adulthood, 40–64 years)
1.8
Wisdom: ego integrity vs. despair (maturity, 65 – death)
Marcia (1966/1980)
Developed an interview technique to assess ‘identity status’
- Diffusion
- avoid change in life-defining areas which can lead to social seclusion - Foreclosure
- Commitment to an identity without exploring alternatives - Moratorium
- Mids of identity crisis - Achievement of identity
- internal locus of control
However - is adolescence a stage of disruption or rather development?
The Isle of Wight Study
- All 14-15 year olds on the isle
- found that peak of psychiatric disorders is during adolescence
- therefore it is a stage of turmoil but shouldn’t be exaggerated
Steinberg and Monahan measure of Resistance to Peer Influence (RPI)
Found that resistance generally increases with age - with a small dip at 14
Adolescence in different cultures
- Parent-child conflict is quite common but to different extent
- Mead - Adolescence in Samoa don’t exp. much turmoil but methods were criticised
- Might be due to the differences in expectations that the society has on teens (Narrow - firm & happens in small, pre-industrial societies vs. Broad)
Historical changes in Adolescent behaviour
- Masturbation attitudes
- Premarital sex
- Increased media usage
- 50%+ hours spend on leisure
- Worse mental health
