lecture 3 animals

Question 1

animals have systems that…

Answer 1

percieve and respond to change in their internal and external environments

Question 2

all perception and response requires what

Answer 2

information flow aka communication

Question 3

what does information flow include

Answer 3

chemical and or electrical signalling between cells – coordinating responses at cellular, tissue, organ, ad system levels

Question 4

edocrine and nervouse systems are major..

Answer 4

systems that control responses to stimuli and coordinate body activities and maintain homeostasis

Question 5

the endocrine and nervous systems are specialized for

Answer 5

different functions – cells invovled in systems look and behave differently

Question 6

endocrine system - signalling type

Answer 6

hormones

Question 7

endocrine – transmission

Answer 7

hormones travel through blood

Question 8

endorcine – speed

Answer 8

fast and slow

fast = adrenaline rush
slow = puberty growth

Question 9

why is majority of endocrine signalling slow

Answer 9

because it has to go through blood vessel system – not an immediate rewaction

Question 10

endocrine – duration

Answer 10

short/loing
short = adrenaline rush
long = growth (puberty doesnt happen overnight)

Question 11

specificity endocrine

Answer 11

achieved by hormone/receptor interaction
lock and key
– specific cells, specific receptor, specific hormone, specific response

Question 12

nervouse system is composed of

Answer 12

neurons

Question 13

nervous systep - signal type

Answer 13

electrical impulse and chemical neurotransmitter

Question 14

nervous system - transmission

Answer 14

neuron

Question 15

nevous system speed

Answer 15

very fast

Question 16

nervous system duration

Answer 16

short

Question 17

specificiy nervous system

Answer 17

achieved by close connection of neurons and target cells (receptor cells)

Question 18

basic rundown of hormon transmission endorcine sysptem

Answer 18

endocrine cell rescieves stimulus and releases hormones in response – hormones enter blood vessel – travel down blood system – bind to specific receptors on specific target cells – create response to stimulus

Question 19

nervous system run down transmission

Answer 19

dendrites are projections on neurons that recieve any kind of stimulus – electrical signals are triggered. – tells neurons to produce electrical impulses (with sufficient stimulus to cell body) – impulses are generated and sent down the axon – synaptic terminals release neurotransmitters through synapse (gap between original neuron and next cell) – postsynaptic cell recieves neruotransmitters

Question 20

neurons definition

Answer 20

cells responsible for generating and transmitting electricochemical impulses of the nervous system

Question 21

Glia cells

Answer 21

maintain homeostasis, form myelin, nourish, provide support and prottection for neurons in central and peripheral nervous systems

Question 22

basic units of nervous system

Answer 22

neurons

Question 23

support cells of nervous system

Answer 23

glia

Question 24

what are the two parts of the nervous system

Answer 24

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Question 25

CNS

Answer 25

brain and spinal cord

Question 26

PNS

Answer 26

connects to all your limbs, parts of face ect.. cranial nerves (face) ganglia outside CNS (neuron cell bodies grouped together) spinal nerves (bundle of axons)

Question 27

information processing in the nervous system is composed of how many stages

Answer 27

three stages sensory, integration, motor

Question 28

basic rundown of processing information nervous system -- use three sytages

Answer 28

1. sensory organ (eyes) see something scary -- this is the sensory input. -- input goes through the pNS and to the CNS (into brain) 2. integration -- brain will process and integrate information and send signal to diff part of PNS (motor neuron) 3. motor output will elicit a specific response (effector -- target msucle, cell..)

Question 29

what about reflexes? give rundown of what haooens

Answer 29

instead of reaching the brain, it just reaches spinal cord (bypasses brain) why you dont think about reflexes -- stimulus -- hammer thing to knee cap -- sesnory neurons sense muscle getting shorter -- sends info to ganglia around the spinal cord -- spinal cord process infor very quickly (interneurons) -- then sends down to motor neurons which sends info to quadricep and hamstring (quad to contract and ham to relax) -- jerking motion

Question 30

endocrine cells secrete hormones into blood stream affecting what

Answer 30

target cells to regulate physiology and behaviour

Question 31

major endocrine glands

Answer 31

hypothalamus, adrenal, pituitary, gonads, pancreas, parathyroid, thyroid, pineal

Question 32

hypothalamus

Answer 32

where verything is controlled in endocrine system - acts as the "master regulator" does work primarily through the pituitary gland

Question 33

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary are really integrated with each other bc of what cells

Answer 33

neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus -- these are neurons that extend into the posterior from the hypothalamus -- part of cell in hypo, and part of cell in post pit (axons of neurosecretory cells are in post pit)

Question 34

what is a neurosecretory cell (function)

Answer 34

it is a neuron that produces hormones and secretes them directly into the bloodstream -- functional overlap between nervous system and endocrine (hormones (end) + neurons (nerv)

Question 35

rundown of transmission from hypothalamus to post pit

Answer 35

neurosecretory cells produce hormons -- neurohormone runs down acxon into post pit -- through synapse -- and distributed into blood vessel for transmission around body

Question 36

what is the anterior pituitary made up of

Answer 36

endocrine cells that respond to hormones from hypothalamus by secreting their own hormones

Question 37

hypothalamus --> anterior pit

Answer 37

neurosecretory cells end just about ant pit. neurohoromones travel through portal vessels to ant pit -- as a response ant pit produces its own hormones that will be released into the blood stream .

Question 38

hormones into the bloood stream will reach other glands to..

Answer 38

regulate the function of other endocrine glands

Question 39

what is short-term stress response

Answer 39

fight or flight -- involves both nervous and endocrine system

Question 40

what c ontrols connection between endocrine and nervous system

Answer 40

hypothalamus

Question 41

in the case of fight or flight -- the hypothalamus affects endocrine..

Answer 41

without acting through pituitary gland -- instead it does so via the spinal cord -- to adrenal glands ontop of kidneys

Question 42

basic response to figth or flight

Answer 42

hypothalamus recieves stress information -- nerve cell directly relays info to spinal cord - spinal cord seends message directly to adrenal glas, and adrenal gland will secrete hormone called adrenaline -- specifically in form of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 43

hormone (adrenaline) effects include:

Answer 43

- increased heart rate - increased breathing rate - increased metabolic rate - increased blood glucose - change in blood flow pattern (more blood flow in muscles, legsa.. than digestive to fight back or run

Question 44

how hormones react depends on what two things

Answer 44

structure and solubility we have water-soluble hormones (hydrophilic) -- dont need help travelling through fluid (blood, insulin) lipid-soluble hormones (hydrophobic) -- need help travelling through fluid system (cortisol)

Question 45

pathway of water-soluble hormones

Answer 45

water soluble hormones are stored in vacuoles because they cannot pass the phospholipid membrane alone -- because stored, these hormones can be made in advance -- the way the get released is through exocytosis -- where the vacuole fuses with membrane and releases the hormones -- hormone will travel through blood easily (water loving) -- after travel through blood, with help of signal receptor protein hormone will bind to specific ereceptor (lock and key) to travel through the membrane to the receptor/target cell -- will need transportation to enter nucleus for gene regulation, or will go straight to cytoplasm for response (cytoplasmic response)

Question 46

pathway of lipid-soluble hormones

Answer 46

lipid soluble hormones are only made when needed bc theyre not stored -- they easily pass through phospholipid membrane -- but need help from transport protein to move through blood -- ones traveled through blood passes straight through membrane no problem -- and goes straight through nucleus where the receptor is -- Most if not all lipid soluble hormones effect gene regulation -- proteins from regulation released into cytoplasm for response.

Question 47

a single hormone can produce..

Answer 47

different effects in different cells

Question 48

the response of a target cell to a hormone depends on

Answer 48

the signalling pathways qwithin target cell the type of receptor on target cell

Question 49

same recepotor but diff cell example response to fight or flight

Answer 49

hormone is epinephrine (adrenaline) one cell = liver receptor = beta receptor when epinephrine binds to B receptor on liver, glycogen is stored in liver, but when hormone binds -- signals for glycogen to break down into glucose and releqase it from cell into bloodsteream (need that glucose energy) second cell = skeletal musclec blood vessel same receptor when hormone binds, it allows vessel to dilate to allow more / faster blood flow in respoinse to fight or flight

Question 50

different receptor same cell

Answer 50

we know that muscular blood vessel -- epinephrine with B receptor allows vessel to dilate -- allowing more enrgy to skeletal muscles but second receptor (A) on intestinal blood vessel - when binds - vessil constricts -- limiting blood flow -- diverts blood for digestive to allow blood to be directed to parts where it is needed during fight or flight

Question 51

endocrine systems use what hormones to maintain homeostasis

Answer 51

antagonistic hormones

Question 52

what are antagonistic hormones

Answer 52

pairs of hormones whose actions oppose each other -- maintain physiological parameter within acceptable range

Question 53

example of antagonisatic hormones

Answer 53

insulin and glucagon are antagonistic hormones that regulate blood glucose concentration

Question 54

negative feed back when too much blood sugar in system

Answer 54

homeostasis blood sugar levels around 70-110 mg/100ml of blood stimulus -- you had large bowl of pasta -- blood glucose levels increase! -- pancrease gets this signal and beta cells of pancrease release insulin into the blood -- insulin tells body cells to take up more glucose and also tells liver cells to store glucose as glycogen - -- this makes blood levels decline and return to homeostasis

Question 55

negative feedback when too little blood sugar in sysatem

Answer 55

at homeostasis -- say you skipped a meal -- stimulus is that there is too little blood glucose level -- pancrease gets this stimulus and its alpha cells release glucagon into the blood -- glucagon tells liver to break down glycogen to glucose and release it into the blood -- this increases levels ands returns back to homeostasis