Lecture 7 -- Plants

Question 1

Fungi characteristics

Answer 1

spends life as haploid (n), more closely related to us than animals.
heterotrophs, eukaryotic, main body is haploid, multicellular or unicellular

Question 2

what does heterotroph mean

Answer 2

makes own food

Question 3

examples of fungi (common names)

Answer 3

bread, athletes food, ringwood, mushrooms, beer

Question 4

yeast characteristics

Answer 4

ascomycota, unicellular, without flagella

Question 5

what is fungal cell wall made of

Answer 5

chitin

Question 6

how does fungi digest

Answer 6

external digestion

Question 7

what is the basic unit of fungi

Answer 7

hyphae - branching filaments

Question 8

mycelia

Answer 8

network / mass of hyphae

Question 9

what are the two kinds of hyphae

Answer 9

septate and coenocytic

Question 10

septate

Answer 10

has septum, and pores that allow materials through

Question 11

coenocytic

Answer 11

has no septum, no dividing, body made of continuous cytoplasm

Question 12

specialized hyphae

Answer 12

predatory fungi, haustoria

Question 13

haustoria

Answer 13

pathogenic, fungal hyphae that penetrate plant cell wall and expands in that cells

Question 14

growth in fungi

Answer 14

fungi will digest material outside of its body and then grow.

Question 15

life cycle of fungus, asexual and sexual – broad overview

Answer 15

Asexual: spores – germination – mycelium – spore-producing structures – spores

sexual: mycelium – plasmogamy – heterokaryotic – karyogamy–zygote – meiosis – spores – germination – mycellium

Question 16

plasmogamy

Answer 16

fusion of cytoplasm

Question 17

karyogamy

Answer 17

fusion of nuclei (fertilization)

Question 18

spores in fungi

Answer 18

haploid – contains nucleus, dehydrated cytoplasm and protective coat
– can sometimes remain dormant

Question 19

spores asexual vs sexual (production)

Answer 19

produced by mitosis = asexual
produced by meiosis = sexual

Question 20

asexual reproduction ; spores

Answer 20

spores in sporangia, budding, conidia (spores) in conidiophores

Question 21

what are fungi closely related to

Answer 21

animals

Question 22

world of fungi – sex

Answer 22

no sex’s just mating types - and + – gametes are same size
animals and fungi are alien = opisthokonts

Question 23

what are the 5 phylum of fungi

Answer 23

basidomycota, chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, glomeromycota

Question 24

chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Answer 24

1000 species, single cell or colonies with hyphae, flagellated spore (zoospore) – haploid, asexually produced
aquatic, soil
decomposers, parasites, commensals

Question 25

chytrid / animals example

Answer 25

chytrids implicated in decline of amphibians -- chytrid infests / infects skin

Question 26

zygomycota

Answer 26

1000 species, black bread mold, coenocytic (non septate), decomposers, parasites, entomophthora (insect killer) -- spore infects insects brain, fungus grows, mind control

Question 27

zygomycota life cycle

Answer 27

asexual: sporangia -- spores -- mycelium -- sporangia sexual: spores -- + and - --- plasmogamy -- karyogamy -- diploid nuclei -- sporangium -- meiosis -- spores

Question 28

glomeromycota

Answer 28

fungi associated with plants, non-septate hyphae, asexual only, obligate symbionts

Question 29

what does obligate symbionts mean

Answer 29

obliged to live on plant roots -- fungi help plants bring in water and minerals, (mycorrhizae) , land plants supply fungi with sugars ..

Question 30

basidiomycota

Answer 30

the fungus you think of when thinking of mushrooms, 30,000 species, live OUTSIDE of plant cells (ecto), decomposers, ectomycorrhizal, long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, multicellular and some yeasts, septate hyphae,

Question 31

what does long lived eukaryotic mycelium mean

Answer 31

n + n stage is long lived, 2 hap nuclei,

Question 32

ectomycorrhizal

Answer 32

symbiotic with plant roots but extracellular spaces of root cortex

Question 33

multicellular sexual reproduction of basidiomycota

Answer 33

fruiting body = basidiocarp (mushroom, puffball, bracket)

Question 34

multicellular asexual reproduction basidiomycota

Answer 34

conidia formed by hyphae, --- most reproduction is asexual

Question 35

braket shelf fungi

Answer 35

grow in dying/dead woody organisms

Question 36

fairy ring

Answer 36

formed because the fungus underground is digesting and growing outward.

Question 37

how do basidiomycetes made sexual spores

Answer 37

on gills, by meiosis \, spores are presented in 4's on a "pedestal" (basidium)

Question 38

life cycle of basidiomycetes

Answer 38

4 meitotic spores (basidiospores) -- spore dispersal/germination -- mating types + and - --- plasmogamy (typically occurs fruiting body is formed -- dikaryotic mycelium -- basidocarp (fruiting body), gills -- sexual reproduction -- basidia -- karyogamy -- diploid nuclei -- meiosis -- basidium -- 4 spores

Question 39

leaf cutter ants

Answer 39

fungus farmers -- feeding leaves to fungus because they live on fungus, therefore farming it to maintain it.

Question 40

ascomycota

Answer 40

biggest group, "sac" fungi, 65,000 species, multicellular or unicellular (yeast) multicellular asexual repro: conidia multicellular sexual repro: fruiting body = ascocarp

Question 41

examples of ascomycetes

Answer 41

truffles, cup fungi, penicillin, blue cheese.

Question 42

truffles

Answer 42

ectomyocorrhizae with trees -- grown underground from oak tree roots.

Question 43

asexual reproduction in ascomycetes

Answer 43

unicellular : yeast -- budding -- mother cell develops birth scars -- one cell divides into two by mitosis

Question 44

sexual reproduction of ascomycetes simple overview

Answer 44

asci -- sacs -- each sac/ascus has 8 spores -- meiosis THEN mitosis -- meiosis -- 4 spores -- mitosis -- 8 spores.

Question 45

red bread mold cycle

Answer 45

sexual: mating type -- +/- --- plasmogamy -- dikaryotic -- karyogam -- zyogte -- meiosis -- mitosis -- mature ascus -- ascospores asexual: conidiophore -- conidia -- dispersal -- germination -- hypha --

Question 46

ascomycete ; ergot alkaloids

Answer 46

grows on rye, ergots -- restrict blood flow, body feels on fire, medical uses ; LSD

Question 47

Candida albicans

Answer 47

gut flora, yeast/hyphal, transmitted from moth to chip at birth

Question 48

botrytis

Answer 48

strawberries/grapes

Question 49

aspergillus fumigatus

Answer 49

inhabit soils worldwide -- we breathe -100

Question 50

summary, phyla and features

Answer 50

chytids: flagellated spores zygomycetes: resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage glomeromycete: form arbuscular mycorrhizae with plants (fungi and plants work together) ascomycetes: sexual spores (ascospores) born internally in sacs called asci; ascomycetes also produce vast number of asexual spores basidiomycetes: elaborate fruiting body containing many basidia that produce sexual spores (basidiospore)