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lecture 5 animal Flashcards

1
Q

whenn is diffusion rapid

A

only over short distances

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2
Q

what is diffusion

A

molecules move randomly due to their kinetic energy

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3
Q

what does the random movement cause

A

net flow from an area of high conecntrarion gto an area of low concentration

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4
Q

rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to what and proportional to what

A

-proportional to surface area (greater SA faster diffusion)
-inversely proportional tp distance (longer distance, slower diffusion)

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5
Q

each cell in a multicellular organism must exchange

A

molecules with the environment (nitrients, gasses,)

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6
Q

some animals have a body size and shape that

A

keeps most cells in contact with the environment
– small animals – flat shape –> flatworm – exchanges gasses through both gastrovascular cavity and directly through skin therefore does not need respiratory or circulatory system

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7
Q

larger animals require

A

a circulatory system – to transport materials between all the body cells and organs that exchange those materials with the enviironment `

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8
Q

materials only need to diffuse over..

A

short distsnces as they enter or exit circulatory system

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9
Q

what are the three basic components of the circulatory system

A

circulatory fluid, interconnected vessels, muscular pump

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10
Q

circulatory fluid

A

– blood in a CLOSE circulatory system – mammals, birds, earthworms, fish, octopus
– hemolymph in OPEN circulatory system – insects, spiders, crabs

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11
Q

closed circulatroy system

A

fluid is enclosed within vessels and not floating around body
– nutrients have to reach across the interstitial fluid to get to the cells they need

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12
Q

open syatem

A

mix of blood and lymphatic fluid – open cavities, organs are bathed in fluid

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13
Q

double circulation

A

two circuits of flow to and from the heart (pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit)

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14
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

leads to lungs

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15
Q

systemic circuit

A

leads to rest of body, limbs,head..

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16
Q

oxygenated blood and deoxyginated blood do not

A

mix within the heart

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17
Q

blood flow process step 1

A

deoxygenated blood is returning from the systemic circuit (your limbs that have used up the oxygen) via the superior and inferior vena cava (superior head region – inferior bottom region)

– from the vena cavas, the blood enters the right atrium

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18
Q

blood flow process step 2

A

right atrium will contract and push the blood into the right ventricle

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19
Q

blood flow process step 3

A

right ventricle will contract and push the blood into the pulmonary artery sending it to the lungs for oxyfgen to get pumped into vblood

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20
Q

blood flow step 4

A

oxygenated blood returns from the pulmonary circuit(lungs) and enters via the pulmonary veins – will enter into the left atrium

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21
Q

blood flow step 5

A

from the left atrium – it will contract and send blood down into left ventricle

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22
Q

blood flow step 6

A

left ventricle will contract and pushes blood through the aorta – sending the blood to the systemic circuit back to the limbs

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23
Q

valves ensure what type of flow by doing what

A

ensure unidirectional flow by closing to prevent backflow

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24
Q

what two types of valves do we have

A

atrioventricular, semilunar valves

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25
atrioventricular valve
separates the atria and ventricles -- prevent backflow into atria when atria relax
26
semilunar valve
separates the ventircles from the arteries and prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
27
the cardiac cycle -- diastole vs systole
both left and right side happening around the same time diastole -- relaxation systole -- contraction
28
step 1 cardiac cycle
blood enters atrium and ventricleright now both relaxed diastole
29
step 2 cardiac cycle
atrium contractd (stystole) to send blood to relaxed (diastole) ventricle
30
step 3 cardiac cycle
artium relaxes -- blood comes in -- ventricle contracts -- pushes blood artery
31
simplified blood flow overview
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava -- right atrium -- right ventricle -- pulmonary artery -- capillaries of left and right lungs -- pulmonary veins -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- aorta -- capillaries of head region and capillaries of limb region
32
blood vessel structure felects..
function
33
structure of artery
3 tissue layer -- endothelium -- smooth -- connective (very thick tissues) -- subdivided into medium vessel (arterioleO and even more subdivided into capillaries) -- blood out of heart
34
structure of vein
3 tissues but thinner than artery (endothelium, smooth, connective) -- also has valve (prevent backflow) -- blood into heart subdivided into medium (venule) and into capillaries
35
capillaries structure q
only 1 tissue layer thick -- endothelium -- surrounded by basal lamina for support (membrane) -- think bc optimizes diffusion
36
area (capillaries vs veins vs artery
capillaries have most area -- increased branching increases the area
37
velocity veins vs artery vs capillary
the same amount of fluid moves more slowly through a grreateer area (slowest in capillary) fastest in artery -- just coming out of the heart -- faster medium branching of artery salows down flow to enter capillarioes, medium branching of vein speeds up flow from capillaries to vein
38
presure veins vs artery vs capillary
increase in area of capillaries causes pressure to drop off -- blood not repressurized until returns to heart (arteries have highest pressure -- why theyre thixck - to withstand pressure)
39
blood flow is regulated by what three things
nerve impulses, hormones, and local cehcmicals
40
what sdo nerve impuldses, cormones, and local chemicals affect
arteriole diamter and pre capillary sphincters
41
what are sphincters doing most of the time and why
they are contractng because it redirects blood flow so it is more direct from the artery to vein -- if needed, sphincters will relax to allow blood flow to different capillaries
42
thin capillary walls and slow blood velocity allow for whgat
exchange of materials between blood and interstitial fluid -- capillaries branch -- increase SA
43
what is blood
a tissuev -- consisting of cells in liquid called plasma
44
plasma
55% blood -- water, ions, proteins, nutrients, metabolites, and wastes
45
cellular elements of blood
45% -- erythrocytes (red), leukocytes (white BC) , platelets
46
respiratory surfaces are specialized for
gas exchange
47
3 main respiratory surfaces
gills, trachea, lungs
48
what do all three respiratory systems have
-large surface area, -- greater than rest of body - veery thin exchange surfaces -- single epithelial layer
49
respiratory media vary in
their O2 concentration
50
what is respiratory media
source of O2. -- air has high O2 concentration , water has much lower O2 concentration LESS THAN 1%
51
animals that obtain O2 from water need to be..
much more efficient than animals thatobtain O2 from air (need to be 80% more efficient)
52
gills are efficienct for
extracting O2 -- but are unsuitable in terrestrial environments -- must be wet -- ansd bc they are on outside of bodty, will dry out in air
53
respiratory surfaces musrt be
moist
54
respiratory surfaces of terrestrial animals are
enclosed within the bodsy to preven excess water loss (trachea and lungs)
55
mammilian respiratory system (basic run down)
air enters through nasal cavity -- down pharynx -- larynx -- trachea -- into both right and left lung through -- bronchus -- smaller branchings of bronchus (bronchiole) -- end of bronchiole have sacs called alveoli -
56
alveoli
covered in capillaries where blood vessels reachvto get oxygen -- branch of pulmonary artery -- deox blood comes in to reoxygenate itself -- gets rid of CO2 -- branch of vein -- obtains oxygen goes back to heart
57
red blood cells are packed wit
protein called hemoglobin -- red blood cells is how we carry O2 and CO2 throughout body
58
O2 binds to hemoglobin for
the transport in red blood cells
59
basic rundown of red blood cells, hemoglobin and oxygen
red blood cells contain hemoglobin -- hemoglobin is capable of binding to oxxyfen -- oxygen bonds w hemoglobin -- and then gets released to tissue cells
60
hemoglobin has hiow many binding sites
4 -- these binding sites are called heme -- each has iron which is involved in the binding of oxygen and blood flow
61
what are the three ways CO2gets transported
CO2 travels through amino acids in hemoglobin(bound to amino acids) (23%) travels in the blood plasma AS CO2 (7%) travels in blood plasma as bicarbonate (70%)
62
loading and unloading of respiratory gases step 1
inhaled air contains O2 -- enters the alveolar spaces -- exchanges through alveolar cells
63
loading and unloading respiratory st 2
from cells enters alveolar capillaries -- oxygenates blood
64
respiratroy loading unlosing st 3
oxygenated blood flows through pulmonary veins and into heart -- from heart leaves throuhg systemic arteries
65
respiratory unloading loading st 4
blood from systemic arteries flows to systemic capilarries -- exchanges O2 with body tissue cells
66
respiratory unloading loadsing st 5
body tissue cells exchange CO2 as well -- enters systemic capillaries and enters systemic veins
67
respiratory unloading loading st 6
systemic veins (deoxygenated blood) flows to hear -- and out through pulmonary arteries
68
respiartory unloading loading st 7
pulmonary arteries -- blood flows through alveolar capillaries -- exchanges CO2 with alveolar cells and breathes out CO2

BIOL1011 (22 decks)

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