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BIOL1011 > lecture 7 ecology > Flashcards

lecture 7 ecology Flashcards

1
Q

what is conservation biology

A

applying ecological theory to aid in biodiversity conservation

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2
Q

whats the approcah to conservation

A

provide scientific foundation for conservation decisions

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3
Q

whatsa the goal for conservation

A

slow, halt, or reverse the loss of biodiversity so it can improve.

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4
Q

global conservation

A

IUCN red list

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5
Q

what is the IUCN red list

A

list of species that are threatened with global extinction– assessment of individual species to decide if theyre threatend

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6
Q

what does IUCN sand for

A

international union for the conservation of nature

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7
Q

what characteristics does the red list look at

A

population sizes, trends, threates – and they categorize the species based on the extinction risks

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8
Q

IUCN red list categories

A

extinct, extinct in wild, critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, least concern, data deficient, not evalulated

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9
Q

IUCN - extincy

A

no longer found globally

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10
Q

IUCN - extinct in wild

A

no longer found in the wild but are in zoo – captive areas

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11
Q

IUCN - critically endangered

A

most severe – imminent extinction – high risk of it. (extinction about to happen)

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12
Q

IUCN - endangered

A

threats are increasing, but may take longer compared to critically endganered

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13
Q

IUCN - vulnerable

A

also considered at risk of extinction – numeric balues of shrunken population – quantatative criteria

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14
Q

IUCN – least concern

A

“good” – no imminent risk of extinction

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15
Q

IUCN data deficient

A

not enough info – dont know risk, population

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16
Q

IUCN not evaluated

A
  • labour intense process
  • dont have time to evaluate every single species.
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17
Q

what three categories are considered to be at risk of extinction

A

critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable

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18
Q

around how many species have been assessed

A

only a fraction of amount of species in world – 166,000 – in world there is ~8.7 million

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19
Q

shortfin mako

A

lives in tropical and temperate distributions
current state is endangered – population size unknown
- threatened by overfishing
– both as a target (deliberate overfishing) and as a bycatch (accidental – lines in ocean set for other species catches mako instead).

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20
Q

sumatran rhinoceros

A

current statues – critically endangered – lives in south east asia
– about 30 mature individuals left \
–threatened by humans (hunting)
– distrubances (illegal logging, land conversion) – when the population size is really small – intervention might still not be enough

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21
Q

sea otter

A

current status – endangered
global population decreasing
– threats : oil spills, disease, climate change

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22
Q

in Canada what do they have

A

COSEWIC – committee on the status of endangered wildlife in canada – panel of scientific experts to identify and assess species at risk in canada.

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23
Q

what do the scientific experts measure/base extincion risk

A

population size, recent decline, threats to populations/habitats

24
Q

COSEWIC categories

A

only one that applies globally – extinct – gone everywhere

extirpated, endangered, threatened, special concern,

25
COSEWIC - extrirpated
gone in canada but found elsewhere
26
COSEWIC - endangered
could be soon exgtirpated from canada -- on its wat
27
COSEWIC -- threatened `
could be soon endangered in canada -- this category is what you need to focus you respurces on, so that you can plan an intervention
28
COSEWIC special concerns
vulnerable -- current threats -- not there yet, but keep an eyeout
29
COSEWIC assessments can be at the population level example
atlantic walrus -- extinct in nova scotia, but special concerny in high arctic and low arctic -- still population in canada, just diff populations are extinct
30
COSEWIC recommendations
you have the science advisory, and then the political decisions -- COSEWIC recommends listings on the species at risk act to the federal minister of environment and climate change -- he makes the decision
31
COSEWIC recommendation mapping
top -- recommendation -- within 90 days -- initial response -- within 9 months -- final decision -- three potential decisions (send report back to COSEWIC - not enough info), (accept (SARA -- species at risk act), (reject (no listing))
32
SARA
species at risk act -- federal legislation
33
goals of SARA
- prevent extinction/extirpations of wildlife in canada - plan for the recovery of endangered or threatened speaies - must develop a management plan for listed species
34
conserving biodiversity the two levels
qspecies level, genetic level
35
species level conserving biodiversity
species in need of protection -- all organizations (IUCN, SARA, COSEWIC)
36
genetic level conserving biodiversity
genetic diversity worthy of conservation -- valuable, builds resiliance
37
how to conserve genetic diversity
- maintain a large population - preserve totaly genetic diversity -- more pop more genes - protect isolated populations (individual) -- preserve unique genetic types -- less exchange of genetic material but pool of diversity that is not found elsewhere
38
Ecosystem level IUCN red list of ecosystems
coral reef (caribbean) -- endangered, Aral sea (central Asia) collapsed -- almost nothing
39
benefits of biodiversity
ecosystem services
40
what does it mean by ecosystem services
benefits people obtain from ecosystems
41
list the services
provisioning services, regulating services, cultural services, supporting services
42
provisioning
supply the goods themselves, such as food, water, timber and fibre -- foods, new medications, clean air and water
43
regulating
govern climate and rainfall, water (flooding), waste, and the spread of disease -- keeps things habitable -- erosion control and coastal protection, climate regulation, pollination
44
cultural
cover the beauty, inspiration and recreation that contribute to our spiritful welfare -- recreational oppurtunities -- aesthetic, tourism
45
supporting
include soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling which underpin growth and production -- foundation of ecosystem - biodiversity, nutrient cycling, primary productivity
46
monetary value
125$ trillion per year `
47
threats to biodiversity
habitat loss- (land conversion_ introduced species, overharvesting, pollution, overpopulation, climate change
48
impacts of threats
impacts both k and r -- lowers k (carrying capacity) -- ex. habitat loss, reducing amount of habitat reduces carrying capacity for species that live in that habitat - lowers r -- negative r -- per capita growth rate -- population starts to decline -- ex. otters and overharvesting
49
small populations are more likely to go extinct -- why
sotchasticity, genetic problems
50
stochasticity
change (random) events -- population size varies from year to year, therefore a fluctuation which is normal -- if is no where near 0 individuals then it is fine -- however, when it is near 0 -- can drive pop to extinction -- small populations may go extinct if there is a bad year
51
genetic problems
can arise in small populations -- as population gets smalll, variability disappears -- genetic drift. -- less able to adapt to changing environment
52
interbreeding
mating with relatives, can occur in small populations -- therefore no diversity in the genes. -- expression of deleterious alleles (harmful) -- leads to reproductive problems
53
how small is too small
minimum viable population (MVP)
54
MVP
smallest population size that is likelt to persist into the future (future time period) (likely -- probability)
55
effective populatyion size Ne
number of individuals that effectively participates in producing next generation, ALWAYS less than N
56
conservation of genetic diversity
not everybody gets to breed -- sex ratio is not 50:50 -- mating systems vary

BIOL1011 (22 decks)

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