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BIOL1011 > Lecture 3 -- Plants > Flashcards

Lecture 3 -- Plants Flashcards

1
Q

div. anthophyta – flowering plants

A

most successful group , flowers +fruits, seed plants

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2
Q

Conifer review:

A

seed+pollen, slow reproduction, gymnosperms, “naked seeds” (don’t have covering)

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3
Q

plant evolution

A
  1. land plants 2. vascular tissue 3. seed, pollen 4. flower
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4
Q

anthophyta appeared when, and what was this called

A

appeared around 150 MYA and was called the angiosperm terrestrial revolution

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5
Q

angiosperm terrestrial revolution

A

angiosperm species exploded, diversification of angiosperm’s occurred at the same time as diversification of other organisms

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6
Q

facts about percentage of plants animal and fungi

A

85% of plant, animal, and fungal species live on land, half of these species live in tropical rainforests.

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7
Q

angiosperm diversity +species number

A

insect pollution – does not occur in gymnosperms.
flexibility in seed production and dispersal.
greater genetic and phenotypic flexibility in cell and shoot elongation.
more complex mechanisms for activating and repressing the genes.
greater complexity of the flower.

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8
Q

div anthophyta facts/ characteristics

A

300,000 named, 400,000 estimated
reproductive organs in flowers,
sporophyte dominant (the thing you see)
heterosporous
microgametophyte = pollen
megagametophyte: 8 nuclei, 7 cells
triploid (3n)
endosperm feeds embryo

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9
Q

4 whorls meaning

A

a set of structures coming out of the same plant

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10
Q

flower structure

A

big U: sepal (x2 calyx), little u: petal (x2 corolla) v with two balls on either: filaments, ball = anthers (sporangium), weird shape with six circles: top = stigma, middle = style, bottom = ovary, circles = ovule

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11
Q

Stigma + style + ovary =

A

carpel (gynoecium) “house of women” also known as pistil carpel

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12
Q

Anther + filament =

A

stamen (adroecium) “house of men”

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13
Q

stigma

A

where pollen lands

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14
Q

when anthophyta occurred, what did it split into

A

150 MYA occurred, 125 MYA split into eudicopts and monocots

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15
Q

example of monocot

A

grasses, corn, wheat, rice,

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16
Q

example of eudicots

A

oaks, maples, dandelions

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17
Q

Mono

A

1 little seed leaf

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18
Q

eudi

A

2 seed leaves

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19
Q

characteristics of monocots and eudicots

A

MONO:
1 cotyledon
parallel veins
vascular tissue scattered
no main root (fibrous)
pollen grain with one opening
floral organs in multiples of 3

EUDI:
2 cotyledons
netlike veins
vascular tissue in ring
main root (taproot)
pollen grain with 3 openings
flower organs in multiples of 5

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20
Q

male and female sex organs within ONE flower

A

hermaphroditic
male parts and female parts are far away from each other to prevent self-pollination

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21
Q

how man angiosperm species are hermaphroditic

A

85%

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22
Q

monoecy

A

“one house” but separate male and female flowers. However, on the same individual (paper birch)

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23
Q

dioecy

A

“two houses” male and female sex organs on different individuals (willow)

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24
Q

pollination

A

arrival of pollen on stigma (flowering plants), or receptive female cone (conifers)

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25
where does pollination occur
occurs only in seed plants (angiosperms and conifers)
26
how do conifers pollinate
wind
27
how do flowering plants pollinate
insects, birds, bats, wind.
28
pollination in angiosperms; what is the reward for pollinator
nectar and pollen (nectar is sugar water) nectar: birds and bees. pollen: bees
29
what does advertisement by plant mean
showy flower, odor
30
what are both reward and advertisement to a plant
costly
31
pollination syndromes
varying characteristics of flower, door, etc. so pollinator visits.-- type of convergent evolution
32
pollination by bees
syndromes: shape -- various -- highly specialized, or not color -- various -- including yellow, blue, orange, NOT RED because they cannot see it odor -- none, or highly specialized
33
pollination by bats
syndromes: shape -- tubular, open at night color -- yellow or white odour -- strong and sweet nectar -- large quantity
34
pollination by birds
syndromes: shape -- tubular colour -- red most common, also yellow odour -- none nectar -- large quantity, often weak (20% sugar)
35
pollinated by wind
syndromes: shape -- not showy (reduced petals) odor -- none nectar -- none pollen -- in large quantity.
36
fact about pollinators and plants
-- pollinated by many animals species -- pollinated by ONE animal species -- provide no reward : deceit pollination
37
deceit pollination example
pink lady's slipper orchid -- makes showy flower but provides no nectar. pollen is held in 2 packets, packets are closed so pollinator cannot use them however, the pollen does in fact get stuck to pollinator. this is achieved by having the bee check the flower out, but as it exits, it brushes by the male and female parts, collecting or distributing pollen, which is the only way to get out.
38
pollination syndromes are not perfect
pollination of Cardinal flower by moth. Moth obtains the nectar but does not carry pollen due to its very long tongue allowing it to obtain reward and not do any job.
39
life cycle of angiosperm
seed (containing embryo 2n, seed coat 2n, endosperm 3n) -- anther -- male part: microsporangium (microsporocyte) -- meiosis -- 4 pollen grain (2 functional sperm cells) -- pollen opens up and extends down the stem to find ovule -- Female part: -- from anther ovary (in ovule) -- megasporangium -- megaspore (divides 3 times) -- central cell 2n, and egg n, sperm and egg fertilize -- (double fertilization because 2 sperm, 1 for egg, 1 for central cell) -- zygote 2n, endosperm 3n -- seed
40
double fertilization
critical feature, 2 functional nuclei, 2 sperm nuclei in pollen, 1 fertilizes egg (embryo, 2n, diploid), and 1 fertilizes central cell (endosperm, 3n, triploid)
41
Angiosperm ovules + ovaries
ovules become seeds, ovary become fruit
42
fruit examples with more than one seed
watermelon, banana, grape, pea pod, apple
43
fruit examples with only one seed
cherry, peach, acorn, wheat, coconut, grain, rice.
44
dispersal of seeds and fruits 3 types
wind: maple, cotton wood water: coconut, water lily animals: blueberry, cockleburr
45
nourishing embryo angio vs conifer
conifer: megagametophyte (n) angiosperm: endosperm (3n)
46
what is the endosperm a principal of
principal food stuff of civilization, more than 1/2 of direct daily calories
47
conifers vs flowering plants, differences
Reproductive structure: conifers = cones flowering = flowers microgametophyte: conifers = pollen, flowering = pollen pollen dispersal: conifers = wind, flowering = wind, animals, water megagametophye: conifers = many cells, flowering = 7 cells nourishing embryo: conifers = megagametophyte, flowering = endosperm. seed: conifer = naked, flowering = covered.
48
Land plants structure + growth
two systems in vascular plants: roots and shoots, they differ anatomically.
49
nodes
where leaves emerge from
50
internodes
regions between nodes
51
blade
each leaf has a bead
52
petiole
part of leaf attached to stem/shoot itself
53
axillary bud
known as the armpit, area between petiole and stem, can grow into a new shoot
54
vegetative shoot
it can make more leaves and more shoots
55
evolutionary adaptations of stems
rhizome - vertical shoots stolon - grow along surface tuber - stolon or rhizome
56
evolutionary adaptations of roots
prop roots, storage roots, green roots, pneumatophores, strangling aerial roots.
57
plant cell walls characteristics
mostly cellulose, (polysaccharide of glucose units), cellulose lined up forms microfibril, which are adjacent and parallel to cellulose molecules, it is extracellular, there are two kinds primary and secondary.
58
primary cell wall charactewristic
thin and in all cells
59
secondary cell wall characteristic
thicker, in some cells,
60
functions of plant cell wall
- determines + maintains shape - provides support and strength - controls rate and direction of cell growth and regulates cell volume - responsible for plants' architectural design - physical barrier to pathogens and water in suberized (waxy) cells - wall is porous and allows free passage of small molecules - carbohydrate storage.
61
plat cell wall composition
cellulose -- around 36 chains bond to make microfibril -- cross linking glycans (bond with cellulose) -- hemicellulose -- pectin (jellylike; glue) -
62
draw cells sticking together and label `
should be for, with plasmodesmata, middle lamella, and say that it is stuck by pectin.
63
3 tissue systems in vascular plants
dermal tissue, vascular, and ground
64
dermal tissue characteristics
single layer, secretes cuticle
65
vascular tissue characteristics
xylem and phloem, support and supply
66
ground tissue characteristics
bulk of young plant, fills space between dermal and vascular, storage, photosynthesis, support
67
plant cell types
dermal : epidermis ground: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma vascular : tracheids and vessel, sleeve elements
68
epidermal cells
outermost cells, single layer coveringg leaves, shoots, stems, of non woody plants.
69
epidermal cell functions
waterproofing, protection from pathogens,
70
cuticle
formed by the epidermal cells, outermost part is wax, cuticle protects against water loss, pathogens, UV radiation

BIOL1011 (22 decks)

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