LECTURE 3: FACIAL LANDMARKS

Question 1

making of radiographs of teeth and adjacent structures by the exposure of films to x-rays

Answer 1

DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY

Question 2

picture on a film produced by the passage of x-rays through an object

Answer 2

RADIOGRAPH

Question 3

STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES

Answer 3

→ area to be radiographed
→ film
→ x-ray beam

Question 4

In STANDARD RADIOGRAPHIC PROCEDURES, All of these must be in proper relationship to create an accurate radiographic image sometimes called the ________

Answer 4

diagnostic image

Question 5

imaginary beam of x-rays traveling directly through the center of the cone

Answer 5

CENTRAL BEAM OF RADIATION (CR)

Question 6

used as a reference point when discussing the orientation of the x-ray beam, object, and film

Answer 6

CENTRAL BEAM OF RADIATION (CR)

Question 7

very much used in periapical radiography (an intraoral technique used to take images of the tooth up to its surrounding periapical area)

Answer 7

FACIAL LANDMARKS IN ORAL RADIOGRAPHY

Question 8

areas on the face that provide the radiographer with a quick reference in positioning the PID (directing of the central beam of the radiation)

Answer 8

FACIAL LANDMARKS IN ORAL RADIOGRAPHY

Question 9

maxillary and mandibular molars

Answer 9

Outer Canthus of the Eye

Question 10

maxillary and mandibular premolars

Answer 10

Inner Canthus (Pupil) of the Eye

Question 11

maxillary and mandibular canines

Answer 11

Ala of the Nose

Question 12

maxillary incisors

Answer 12

Tip of the Nose

Question 13

mandibular incisors

Answer 13

Chin

Question 14

The central beam (center of the cone) is directed at the level of beam
these:

Answer 14

→ ala tragus line for maxillary teeth
→ 1⁄2 inch from the lower border of the mandible for mandibular
teeth

Question 15

direction or alignment of the central beam in a horizontal and vertical plane

Answer 15

CENTRAL RAY ANGULATION

Question 16

tubehead and the PID are aligned to obtain the optimum angle at which the radiation is to be directed toward the film

Answer 16

CENTRAL RAY ANGULATION

Question 17

In CENTRAL RAY ANGULATION there are (2) projections or angulations of the tubehead:

Answer 17

o vertical angulation
o horizontal angulation

(for successful exposure techniques, both angulations must be considered)

Question 18

considered first

Answer 18

VERTICAL ANGULATION

Question 19

positioning of the PID in an up and down plane in order to
direct the central rays of the x-ray perpendicular to the film

Answer 19

VERTICAL ANGULATION

Question 20

controls the longitudinal dimensions of the resulting image

Answer 20

VERTICAL ANGULATION

Question 21

measured in degrees that is found on the number scale

Answer 21

VERTICAL ANGULATION

Question 22

begins at 0 degrees; scaled at 5 degrees

Answer 22

VERTICAL ANGULATION

Question 23

TYPES OF VERTICAL ANGULATION

Answer 23

Zero

Positive

Negative

Question 24

angulation when the PID and central rays are parallel to the floor or the occlusal plane

Answer 24

Zero

Question 25

usually for mandibular molars

Answer 25

Zero

Question 26

maxillary teeth

Answer 26

Positive

Question 27

angulation above the occlusal plane from 0 degrees in which the tip of the PID is tilted downwards

Answer 27

Positive

Question 28

angulation below the occlusal plane from 0 degrees in which the tip of the PID is tilted upwards

Answer 28

Negative

Question 29

mandibular teeth

Answer 29

Negative

Question 30

PROBLEMS OF INCORRECT VERTICAL ANGULATION

Answer 30

FORESHORTENING ELONGATION

Question 31

occurs if the vertical angulation is larger or greater than necessary

Answer 31

FORESHORTENING

Question 32

image of the teeth appears smaller than normal

Answer 32

FORESHORTENING

Question 33

occurs if the vertical angulation is less than necessary or inadequate

Answer 33

ELONGATION

Question 34

image of the teeth appears larger/longer than normal

Answer 34

ELONGATION

Question 35

→ side to side or horizontal movement of the tubehead or x-ray beam → positioning of the tubehead on a horizontal or side to side plane

Answer 35

HORIZONTAL ANGULATION

Question 36

remains the same whether paralleling or bisecting angle technique is used o there is no number value

Answer 36

HORIZONTAL ANGULATION

Question 37

to direct the central rays of the x-ray beam perpendicular toward the surface toward the film surface and through the interproximal surfaces of the teeth

Answer 37

HORIZONTAL ANGULATION

Question 38

correct horizontal angulation:

Answer 38

o open contact areas (radiolucent) o x-ray beam was able to go perpendicular to the surface and beam is able to reach the film through these contact areas

Question 39

incorrect horizontal angulation

Answer 39

o overlapping (radiopaque) o unless in cases of crowding of the teeth

Question 40

True or false Correct horizontal and vertical angulation of the x-ray beam is necessary to obtain radiographs of diagnostic quality.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

incisors centered on?

Answer 41

midline

Question 42

cuspid centered on ?

Answer 42

cuspid

Question 43

premolar centered on?

Answer 43

second premolar

Question 44

molar centered on

Answer 44

second molar

Question 45

anterior films are positioned ?

Answer 45

vertically

Question 46

posterior films are positioned

Answer 46

horizontally

Question 47

(1) Seat the patient upright (2) Adjust the patient’s head (3) Place film properly (4) Adjust the tip of the PID (distance) (5) Determine vertical angulation (6) Determine horizontal angulation (7) Center beam on film; expose the film

Answer 47

GENERAL PROCEDURE TO DETERMINE VERTICAL and HORIZONTAL ANGULATIONS