Lecture 3: Overview Of The Extremities Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
Supination at the wrist = ___________ at the ankle
A
Inversion
2
Q
Pronation at the wrist = ___________ at the ankle
A
Eversion
3
Q
Where are sutures bones found?
A
Skull
4
Q
Where are flat bones found?
A
Skull
5
Q
Where are irregular bones found?
A
Vertebrae
6
Q
Where are short bones found?
A
Hands and feet
7
Q
Where are sesamoid bones found?
A
Patella and foot
8
Q
__________ is a rounded process that articulates with another bone
A
Condyle
- Ex. Occipital condyle
9
Q
___________ is a projection situated above a condyle
A
Epicondyle
- Ex. Medial epicondyle of the humerus
10
Q
__________ is a small smooth surface
A
Facet
- Found in thoracic vertebra
11
Q
__________ is a relatively deep pit or depression
A
Fossa
- Ex. Olecranon fossa
12
Q
________ is a tiny pit or depression
A
Fovea
- Ex. Fovea capitis
13
Q
___________ is a narrow line-like ridge
A
Linea
- Ex. Linea aspera of femur
14
Q
___________ is a prominent projection of a bone
A
Process
- Ex. Mastoid process of temporal bone
15
Q
__________ is a branch-like process
A
Ramus
- Ex. Ramus of mandible
16
Q
________ is a cavity within a bone
A
Sinus
- Ex. Frontal sinus
17
Q
________ is a sharp projection
A
Spine
- Ex. Spine of scapula
18
Q
__________ is a pen-like projection
A
Styloid
- Ex. Styloid process of ulna
19
Q
___________ is a relatively large process
A
Trochanter
- Ex. Greater trochanter of femur
20
Q
________ is a smooth knob-like process
A
Tubercle
- Ex. Tubercle of rib
21
Q
____________ is a large lumpy knob-like process
A
Tuberosity
- Ex. Tibial tuberosity
22
Q
_________ is a tube-like passageway within a bone
A
Meatus
- Ex. External auditory meatus
23
Q
What joint/articulation type is the most stable?
A
Suture of the skull
24
Q
What type of joint is made of dense regular CT that unites the ends of bones and bone parts and has no cavity
A
Fibrous
25
What type of joint is a pad of cartilage that lies between the ends of bones and does not have a cavity?
Cartilaginous
26
What type of joint is characterized by ends of bones covered with articular cartilage, a joint cavity separating the articulating bones, and the cavity containing a specific type of fluid?
Synovial
- Lined by a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid
27
__________ is a fibrous, saclike structure that contains synovial fluid and is lined by a synovial membrane
Bursae
28
__________ are often distributed along the periphery of a synovial joint and act as packing material and provide some protection for the joint. Fill the spaces that form when bones move and the joint cavity changes shape.
Fatpads
- Fatpads are the absolute last thing to go during extreme starvation
29
___________ attach a muscle to a bone and help stabilize joints
Tendons
30
__________ connects bone to bone
Ligament
31
What type of lever has a fulcrum in the middle, between the force and the resistance?
First class
32
What type of lever has resistance between the fulcrum and the applied force?
Second class
33
What type of lever has force applied between the resistance and the fulcrum and is the most common lever type in the body?
Third class
34
Shaking your head yes, is an example of what type of lever?
First class
35
Standing on your toes is an example of what type of lever?
Second class
36
A bicep curl is an example of what type of lever?
Third class
37
A syndesmosis joint classification is a type of what joint and is made up of what type of CT?
Fibrous; dense regular CT fibers between bones
38
Articulation between the tibia and fibula is an example of what type of joint?
Syndesmosis fibrous joint
39
The epiphyseal plate in growing bones is an example of what type of joint?
Synchondrosis cartilaginous joint
40
The pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc articulations are examples of what joint type?
Symphysis cartilaginous
41
Intertarsal joints are an example of what type of joints?
Uniaxial synovial
42
A Coxal joint is an example of what type of joint?
Multiaxial synovial joint
43
A hyaline cartilage plate between bones is characteristic of what type of joint?
Synchondrosis -> cartilaginous
44
Fibrocartilage pad between bones is characteristic of what type of joint?
Symphysis -> cartilaginous
45
What 3 things does a synovial joint contain?
Fluid-filled synovial cavity
Capsule
Various ligaments
46
Deep fascia is an expansive sheet of what?
Dense irregular CT
47
The less movable attachment of a muscle is called its __________, whereas the more movable attachment of the muscle is its _____________
Origin; insertion
48
When a muscle contracts, ____________ is pulled toward the __________
Insertion; origin
49
On muscles, the origin typically lies ___________ to the insertion
Proximal
50
____________ muscle is also called a sphincter because contraction of the muscle closes off the opening
Circular
51
______________ muscle has widespread muscle fascicles that converge on a common attachment site and are often triangular in shape
Convergent
52
_____________ fascicles run parallel to its long axis and have a central body, called the belly or faster. Can be strap or fusiform
Parallel
53
___________ muscles have one or more endings extending through their body and the fascicles are arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon
Pennate
54
____________ muscle: all of the muscle fibers are on the same side of the tendon
Unipennate
55
______________ muscle: the most common type, has muscle fibers on both sides of the tendon
Bippennate
56
_______________ muscle: has branches of the tendon within the muscle
Multipennate
57
What are the 2 main types of phasic muscle contractions?
Isotonic and isometric
- Phasic = active
58
What are the 2 types of isotonic contractions?
Concentric and eccentric contractions
59
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle length remains the same -> no movement
- Ex. Deltoid maintains steady contraction, holding arm in abducted position (equal resistance and gravity)
60
What is a concentric contraction?
Movement occurs as a result of the muscle shortening
- Ex. Deltoid shortens to raise arm in abduction (force generated exceeds force of gravity)
61
What is an eccentric contraction?
Contracting muscle lengthens
- Deltoid lengthens to lower arm in addiction (muscle relaxes -> force generated becomes less than gravity
62
Ossification of short bones is similar to the primary ossification centers of long bone, however there is one short bone that develops a secondary ossification center, what bone is this?
Calcaneus
63
What are the 3 accessory structures of a synovial joint?
Bursae
Fatpads
Tendons
64
What is the calvaria?
Skullcap
65
The bones of the calvaria of a newborn infants cranium do not make full contact with each other. At these sites, the sutures form wide areas of fibrous tissue called __________
Fontanelles
66
Which fontanelle on a newborn is the most prominent and the one that most people call the "soft spot"
Anterior fontanelle
67
Why are fontanelles in a newborn felt as ridges?
Because of the overlapping of the cranial bones by molding of the calvaria as it passes through the birth canal
68
Normally, the anterior fontanelle is flat. What does a bulging fontanelle indicate?
Increased cranial pressure -> however the fontanelle normally bulges during crying so increased cranial pressure may not actually be the case
69
A depressed fontanelle may be observed when the baby is ____________
Dehydrated
70
What is septicemia?
Blood poisoning
71
What type of muscle is the rectus femoris?
Bipennate
72
The cavity of a synovial joint can be examined by inserting a cannula and an arthroscope into it. What is this procedure called and what does it enable orthopedic surgeons to do?
Arthroscopy -> enables orthopedic surgeons to examine joints for abnormalities, such as a torn menisci
73
What kind of joint is the knee?
Hinge
74
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury occurring between C1-C3?
No motor below the head level, ventilator required
75
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury occurring between C4-C5?
Quadriplegia, respiration in tact
76
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between C6-C8?
Loss of lower limbs, but some degree of intact function in UE
77
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between T1-T9?
Paraplegia, amount of trunk control depends on height of lesion
78
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between 10-L1?
Some thigh muscle function but lower leg is paralyzed, may be able to function with long leg braces
79
What would be characteristic of a spinal cord injury between L2-L3?
Retention of most leg function, short leg braces used
