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COM: MSK (Midterm) > Lecture 9: Neurulation & Ectodermal Derivatives > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Neurulation & Ectodermal Derivatives Flashcards

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1
Q

What days comprise week 4 of human development?

A

Days 22-28

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2
Q

The notochord extends from _____ to _______

A

Primitive node (knot) anterior to Prechordal plate

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3
Q

The notochord provides signals for? What is the signal?

A

Development of axial musculoskeletal structures; Shh (sonic hedge hog)

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4
Q

The notochord induces which structure that will form what?

A

Neural plate; will form the CNS

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5
Q

What 3 structures come from axial skeleton?

A

Vertebrae
Ribs
Skull

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6
Q

What structures make up Neuroectoderm?

A
  • Neural Plate
  • Neural Groove
  • Neural Folds
  • Neural Tube
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7
Q

Describe steps of Neurulation?

A
  • Notochord releases Shh up to ectoderm, causes cells to turn on a new genetic program and become the Neural plate.
  • Neural plate cells begin to thicken, invaginate, and make neural folds, which form neural groove.
  • Neural crest cells begin to migrate away.
  • Surface ectoderm comes together and forms epidermis.
  • Neural folds come together and form a neural tube
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8
Q

Neural tube will be separated later into?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Neural folds start to migrate and form a zipper in which directions?

A
  • Rostral direction (cephalad)

- Caudal direction

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10
Q

What days do the rostral neuropre and caudal neuropore close?

A
  • Rostral neuropore - Day 25

- Caudal neuropore - Day 28

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11
Q

Counting what will allow you to age embryo?

A

The somites

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12
Q

Cranial neural crest cell derivatives

A
  • Neurons and glia of cranial ganglia
  • Cartilage and bone of the face
  • Connective tissue of face
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13
Q

Trunk neural crest cell derivatives

A
  • Pigment cells
  • Sensory neurons and glia (pain & touch)
  • Sympathoadrenal cells and Schwann cells
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14
Q

Neurons formed from the neural crest

A
  • Certain cranial ganglia
  • Spinal ganglia (dorsal root ganglion)
  • Autonomic ganglia
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15
Q

Supporting cells from the neural crest

A
  • Neurilemma
  • Satellite cells of ganglia
  • Cells of leptomeninges (partly)
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16
Q

Pigment cells from the neural crest

A
  • Melanocytes of skin/internal organs

- Melanophores of uvea (but not of retina)

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17
Q

Endocrine cells from neural crest

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A
  • C-cells of thyroid gland

- Chromaffin cells of suprarenal medulla

18
Q

Ectomesenchyme from the neural crest

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A
  • Walls of large arteries from aortic arches
  • Substantia propria and posterior epithelium of cornea
  • Connective tissues of uvea and sclera
  • Ciliary muscles
  • Enamel and dentin
19
Q

Major neurocristopathies?

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A
  • Aorticpulmonary septal defects of heart
  • Anterior chamber defects of eye
  • Cleft lip and/or cleft palate
  • DiGeorge syndrome
  • Waardenburg syndrome
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Albinism
20
Q

Which vitamin can significantly cut down neural tube defects?

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A

Folic acid/Folate

21
Q

What are the two closed neural tube defects?

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A
  • Spinal bifida occulta

- Meningocele

22
Q

What are the two open neural tube defects?

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A
  • Meningomyelocele

- Myelocele (myeloschisis)

23
Q

Spinal bifida occulta

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A
  • Neural tube slow to close
  • Lower spinous processes may be missing
  • Tuft of hair covering area
  • Pts. do not have sensory or motor issues
  • 10% of population affected
24
Q

Meningocele

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A
  • Neural tube late in closing, vertebrate did not form an
    arch
  • Cyst like structure on lower back
  • Cyst/pocket contains cerebrospinal fluid
  • Spinal cord in proper location
  • Patients may or may not have problems with motor
    and/or sensory
25
Meningomyelocele
- Failure of caudal neuropore to close - Missing vertebral arches - Neural tube and meninges up in the cyst - Spinal cord in an improper location - Have motor and sensory defects - Trouble walking, bladder/bowel control, and general sensory issues
26
Myelocele (myeloschisis)
- Neural tube did not close at all/open to environment - Require immediate surgery due to high risk of infection - Motor and sensory defects below the lesion
27
How can neural defects be diagnosed?
- Amniocentesis on Mom and looking for Fetal Alpha Protein
28
Anencephaly
Worst possible scenario, individuals die shortly after birth
29
Two types of encephalocele
- Encephalocele (with brain tissue) - Encephalocele (without brain tissue) *May have severe or mild brain deficits.
30
What are the 3 layers of meninges?
- Dura layer (pachymeninx) - Top - Arachnoid layer (leptomeninges) -middle - Pia layer (leptomeninges) - bottom
31
Meninx primitive is ______ in origin, derived from cells of ______?
- Mesoderm in origin | - Derived from cells of the sclerotome
32
Dura mater is also know as _____ and derived from ______?
- Pachymeninx | - Derived from mesoderm
33
Folding of the embryo happens during which week?
- Week 4
34
First type of folding and what occurs?
- Longitudinal - Early in 4th week septum transversum (diaphragm) is above (anterior) to the heart - Head folding down - Late in 4th week the septum transversum will now be below (posterior) to the heart
35
Horizontal folding will form?
Intraembryonic coelom
36
The intraembryonic coelom is the _____ layer of the lateral plate
- Somatic
37
What occurs during horizontal folding?
- The somatic and splanchnic layer will come down and around forming the intraembryonic coelom.
38
After horizontal folding anything touching the body or walls where ribs will eventually be is which layer?
Somatic layer of the lateral plate (somatopleury)
39
After horizontal folding anything touching the midgut, gut tube, or yolk sac is which layer?
Splanchnic layer of the lateral plate (splanchnopleury)
40
What does the neural tube develop from?
Ectoderm posterior (dorsal) to the notochord
41
Which of the following statements about neurulation is not correct? A) Neural crest cells migrate from the neuroectoderm before neural tube closes B) Neural plate tissue invaginates to form a neural groove C) The notochord induces neural plate formation D) Neural crest cells induce the formation of brain
D) Neural crest cells induce the formation of brain

COM: MSK (Midterm) (23 decks)

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