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COM: MSK (Midterm) > Lecture 6: Cartilage > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Cartilage Flashcards

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1
Q

What are characteristics of cartilage?

A
  • Designed to bear mechanical stresses without distortion
  • Shock absorber
  • Frictionless movement at joints
  • Bone growth
  • Fracture repair
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2
Q

What 2 cell types are found in cartilage?

A

1) Chondroblasts -> replicating population of cells that secrete cartilaginous matric
2) chondrocytes -> maintain the matrix

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3
Q

What type of collagen predominates in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Type II

  • Type I in fibrocartilage and outer perichondrium
  • Elastic fibers in elastic cartilage
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4
Q

What 3 things make up the ground substance of the matrix of cartilage?

A

HA

Chondroitin sulfate

Keratan sulfate

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5
Q

What type of collagen predominates in fibrocartilage?

A

Type I

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6
Q

besides collagen and ground substance, what else is found in the matrix of cartilage?

A

Aggrecan

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7
Q

What types of cartilage are surrounded by perichondrium?

A

Hyaline and elastic

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8
Q

Does fibrocartilage contain a perichondrium?

A

No

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9
Q

In hyaline cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by territorial and interterritorial matrices containing type ____ collagen

A

II

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10
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

In embryo, articular cartilage, cartilage of respiratory tract and costal cartilage

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11
Q

In elastic cartilage, chondrocytes are surrounded by territorial and interterritorial matrices containing type ____ collagen AND what else?

A

Type II collagen and elastic fibers

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12
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

External ear, epiglottis and auditory tube

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13
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Intervertebral disks, articular disks of the knee, mandible, sternoclavicular joints and pubic symphysis

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14
Q

___________ is a dense CT interface around hyaline and elastic cartilage that carries the blood supply for avascular cartilage and is the source of new cartilage cells

A

Perichondrium

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15
Q

What layer of hyaline cartilage contains fibroblasts and produces type I collagen and elastin?

A

Outer fibrous layer

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16
Q

What cell type found in cartilage is often found in groups of 2-8 cells (isogenous groups)?

A

Chondrocytes

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17
Q

What layer of hyaline cartilage gives rise to chondroblasts and osteoprogenitor cells and contains chondroblasts secreting type II collagen?

A

Inner chondrogenic layer

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18
Q

What part of hyaline cartilage surrounds the isogenous cell group and contains high amounts of GAGs and lower amounts of collagen?

A

Territorial matrix

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19
Q

What part of hyaline cartilage surrounds the territorial matrix and contains more collagen II and fewer proteoglycans?

A

Interterritorial matrix

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20
Q

What location of hyaline cartilage is the exception in which it is not surrounded and nourished by a perichondrium?

A

Articular surfaces

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21
Q

Which zone of bone contains primitive hyaline cartilage responsible for the growth in length of the bone as erosion and bone deposition advance into this zone?

A

Reserve zone

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22
Q

Which zone of bone contains proliferating chondrocytes that align as vertical and parallel columns?

A

Proliferative zone

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23
Q

What zone of bone is characterized by apoptosis of chondrocytes and calcification of the territorial matrix?

A

Hypertrophic zone

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24
Q

What zone of bone is characterized by blood vessels penetrating the transverse calcified septa and carry osteoprogenitor cells with them?

A

Vascular invasion zone

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25
What type of cartilage is characterized by increased flexibility and returns to original shape after deformation?
elastic
26
What type of cartilage may develop as a result of damge to hyaline cartilage?
Fibrocartilage
27
Which type of cartilage growth takes place within cartilage mass itself?
Interstitial growth
28
Which type of cartilage growth forms new cartilage on surface of pre-existing cartilage?
Appositional growth
29
Where does appositional cartilage growth occur?
Within layer of perichondrium
30
During appositional cartilage growth, chondrogenic cells produce what type of collagen?
Type I
31
After appositional cartilage growth is initiated, what do chondrogenic cell become and what do they secrete?
Chondroblasts and secrete collagen II and ground substances
32
During what type of cartilage growth do chondrocytes divide within lacunae, creating isogenous groups?
Interstitial growth
33
What increases the mass of cartilage during interstitial cartilage growth?
New chondrocytes secreting more matrix - Overall growth is due to secretion of new matrix
34
What is interstitial cartilage growth limited by?
Avascular nature
35
For interstitial cartilage growth during embryogenesis, mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into chrondroblasts which form centers of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Chondrogenesis - A center of chondrogenesis consists of chondroblasts surrounded by extracellular matrix
36
During interstitial cartilage growth, chondroblasts divide by mitosis, and the daughter cells remain within the same space or lacuna forming what?
An isogenous cell group - This cell group is surrounded by territorial matrix and a wider interterritorial matrix surrounds the territorial matrix
37
When is interstitial growth of cartilage very active?
During endochondral ossification
38
During appositional cartilage growth, the outermost cells of the develiping cartilage are spindle-shaped and clustered in a regular fibrous layer called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
perichondrium - This is a transitional zone between cartilage and the surroudning genral CT
39
During appositional cartilage growth, the inner cells of the perichondrium, the _________ layer, differentiate into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which synthesize and secrete type _____ collagen precursors and other ECM components
Chondrogenic; chondroblasts; type II
40
New layers of cells and ECM are added to the surface of cartilage by the process of __________ growth, and the overall size of the cartilage increases.
appositional growth
41
Repair of damaged cartilage is due primarily to activity of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Perichondrium - More common during growth!
42
In the adult, what type of cell type regarding collagen is produced in relatively small numbers?
chondrocytes
43
Cartilage is usually replaced by _______ or ________ (if vascularized)
Dense CT; bone
44
In adults, the proliferation of perichondrium usually results in what?
Formation of dense CT
45
When cartilage is damaged, what can stimulate bone growth instead of cartilage repair?
Proximity of blood vessels - Due to high oxygen tensions, this produces osteoblasts
46
Cranial bones, ribs and the sternum are all examples of what general joint type?
Synarthroses
47
Intervertebral disks and bodies are examples of what general joint type?
Amphiarthroses
48
Synovial joints are an example of what general joint type?
Diarthroses
49
What general joint type permits little to no movement?
Synarthroses
50
What general joint type enables slight movement?
Amphiarthroses
51
What general joint type permits free movement?
Diarthroses
52
An articular capsule is part of a synovial joint and is usually strengthened by what?
Accessory ligaments
53
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments found in the articular capsule of synovial joints?
Intrinsic ligaments = part of the fibrous capsule Extrinsic ligaments = separate from the capsule
54
What is the role of ligaments found in the articular capsule of synovial joints?
Limit joint movement
55
A synovial membrane lines the entire synovial joint except what part?
The articular cartialge
56
What happens is the synovial membrane of a synovial joint is damaged?
It regenerates
57
What is the role of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint?
Produces synovial fluid
58
Articular cartilage found in synovial joints is what type of cartilage?
Hyaline
59
What is the role of articular cartilage found in synovial joints?
Reduces friction between bones
60
Are nerves or blood vessels found in articular cartilage in synovial joints?
No
61
What is articular cartilage in synovial joints nourished by?
Synovial fluid
62
Does articular cartilage in synovial joints have a perichondrium?
No
63
What are the 3 major components of a synovial joint?
Articular capsule Articular cartilage Synovial membrane
64
The synovial membrane of joints contain type ____ macrophage like synovial cells and type ___ fibroblast-like cells
A;B
65
What is the rolw of type B fibroblast-like synovial cells found in the synovial membrane of synovial joints?
They produce synovial fluid, which contains HA to increase viscosity and lubricates cartilage to reduce friction
66
What is the role of type A synovial cells found in the synovial membrane of synovial joints?
Contain lysosomes to clear articular cavity of debris formed by fiction of articular cartilages
67
Which layer of articular cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes that are small and flattened parallel to the surface?
Trangenitial layer
68
What is characteristic to the most superficial part of the tangenitial layer of articular cartialge?
Its devoid of cells
69
What is characteristic of the collagen fibers in the tangential layer of articular cartilage?
Very fine -\> run parallel to the surfface ofthe cartilage
70
What layer of articular cartilage is characterized by chondrocytes that are slightly larger and round and occur both singly and in isogenous gorups?
Transitional layer
71
What is characteristic of collagen fibers in the transitional layer of articular cartilage?
Take an oblique course through the matrix of the transitional zone
72
Which layer of articular cartilage is characterized by large chondrocytes that form radial colums (the stacks of cells are oriented perpendicular to the articulating surface)?
Radial layer
73
What is characteristic of collagen fibers found in the radial layer of articular cartilage?
The course of collagen fibers follows the orientation of the chondrocyte columns
74
What layer of articular cartilage is characterized by resting on the underlying cortex of bone?
Calcified cartilage
75
What type of cartilage is this?
Hyaline
76
What type of cartilage is this?
Elastic
77
What type of cartilage is this?
Fibrocartilage
78
Label the arrow and state what type of tissue this is?
Perichondrium; Hyaline cartilage
79
Label A-D and state the tissue type
A) Inner chondrogenic layer B) Territorial matrix C) Interterritorial matrix D) Chondrocytes - This is hyaline cartilage
80
What is the top arrow next to "F" point to and what type of tissue is this?
Outer fibrous layer; hyaline cartilage
81
What do the "I's" in this picture represent and what type of tissue is this?
Isogenous groups of chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage
82
Label the zones
A) Reserve zone B) Proliferative zone C) hypertrophic zone D) Vascular invasion zone
83
Label the layers (A-E) of articular cartilage
84
Label A-C
A) Articular capsule B) Synovial membrane C) Articular cartilage
85
Label A-D
A) Synovial membrane B) Articular cartilage C) Synovial cavity D) Capsule
86
What layer of articular cartilage is this?
87
What layer of articular cartilage is this?
88
What layer of articular cartilage is this?
89
Osteoarthritis
90
91
Label A-D and state this tissue type
Articular (hyaline cartilage) A) Synovial cavity B) Synovial membrane C) Synovial fold D) Meniscus
92
Label A-C and state what type of cartilaginous growth is represented here
A) Territorial matrix B) Interterritorial matrix C) Isogenous groups - Appositional growth
93
Label the 3 zones in the pic (T, F & M)
1st (T) = tendon 2nd (F) = fibrocartilage 3rd (M) = mineralized fibrocartialge
94
What type of cartilage is depicted in the picture?
Fibrocartilage
95
Label the 2 arrows and state the tissue type
elastic cartilage Top arrow = elastic fibers Bottom arrow = chondrocyte
96
Label A and B and state the tissue type
- Elastic cartilage A) chondrocytes B) Elastic fibers

COM: MSK (Midterm) (23 decks)

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