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ANAT > Lecture 3 - Posterior Abdominal Walls > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Posterior Abdominal Walls Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are the four cavities of the trunk

A

Two pleural, one pericardial, one abdominal

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2
Q

What membrane are the cavities lined with?

A

Serous (simple epithelium plus connective tissue)

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3
Q

Organs including blood and lymph vessels and nerves are sandwiched between serous membranes and body wall true or false

A

True

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4
Q

What do cavities contain

A

Fluid and isolated cells e.g. lymphocytes and macrophages

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5
Q

What is parietal serous membrane

A

Serous membrane adjacent to outer wall

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6
Q

What is visceral serous membrane

A

Membrane covering organs within cavity or structures entering and leaving cavity

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7
Q

What is the lining of pleural cavities?

A

Pleura

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8
Q

What is the lining of pericardial cavity

A

Pericardium

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9
Q

What is the lining of abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

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10
Q

Retroperitoneal organs are attached to the posterior body wall and covered with a drape of peritoneum true or false

A

True

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11
Q

What are the pleural cavities separated by?

A

Mediastinum

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12
Q

What is the pericardial cavity contained within?

A

Mediastinum

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13
Q

What separates the thorax from the abdomen/pelvis

A

Diaphragm

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14
Q

The pelvis and abdomen are the same single cavity true or false

A

True

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15
Q

Where does the mediastinum span

A

Thoracic inlet to diaphragm

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16
Q

What divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior

A

Sternal angle

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17
Q

What are three further divisions of the mediastinum

A

Anterior, posterior and middle

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18
Q

What can occur to the mediastinum when a lung collapses

A

It can be displaced to one side

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19
Q

The mediastinum is flexible and elongates true or false

A

True

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20
Q

What is contained within the superior mediastinum? (4)

A

Upper thymus
Arch of aorta + immediate brancehs
SVC and tributaries - brachicephalic veins
Upper oesophagus

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21
Q

What is contained within the anterior mediastinum

A

Lower thymus

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22
Q

What is contained within the middle mediastinum (2)

A

Pericardium (heart and associated vessels)

Phrenic nerves passing through the fibrous parietal pericardium

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23
Q

What does the middle mediastinum span?

A

T4-T8

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24
Q

What is the posterior mediastinum adjacent to

A

Vertebral bodies

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25
Where does the posterior mediastinum extend into?
Angle between posterior diaphragm to level of 12th thoracic vertebra
26
What is in the posterior mediastinum? (4)
Descending aorta, azygos vessels, thoracic duct, oesophagus
27
The splanchnic nerves travel in the posterior mediastinum true or false
False
28
What are the three sections of the thoracic diaphragm?
Muscular left and right domes | Fibrous central tendon
29
What does the central tendon form?
Base of pericardial cavity
30
What is the sternal attachment of the diaphragm
From back of xiphoid process
31
What are the costal attachments of the diaphragm (3)
Lower 6 costal cartilages and ribs and transverse abdominus
32
What are the lumbar attachments of the diaphragm
Left and right crura which join to form the median arcuate ligament Medial arcuate ligament Lateral arcuate ligament
33
What does the medial arcuate ligament overly
Psoas major and psoas minor
34
What does the lateral arcuate ligament overly
Quadratus lumborum
35
What does the median arcuate ligament overly
Aorta
36
Medial and lateral ligaments are actually thickenings of the fascia overlying psoas and quadratus lumborum into which the fibres of the diaphragm insert true or false
True
37
What is the blood supply to the superior side of the diaphragm?
Musculophrenic branches of the internal thoracic vessels
38
What is the blood supply to the inferior side of the diaphragm?
Inferior phrenic branches of the aorta
39
What is the innervation of the diaphragm
Phrenic nerve
40
The phrenic nerves are cervical in origin true or false
True
41
What else can travel in the diaphragmatic aperture for the inferior vena cava
Right phrenic nerve
42
Where is the vena cava aperture of the diaphragm
T8 | Edge of right dome of diaphragm near junction of muscle and central tendon
43
Right phrenic nerves and splanchnic have their own small openings true or false?
False
44
Where do the splanchnic nerves pass through the diaphragm
Crura
45
Where do the left phrenic nerves pass through the diaphragm
Just left of central tendon
46
Where is the aperture for the oesophagus and vagus nerves
Above and in front of, left of aperture for aorta at T10
47
Where is the aperture for the aorta
T12, lowest and most posterior in the diaphragm
48
What else travels with the aorta through the diaphragm
Thoracic duct, azygos and hemiazygos (variable)
49
The thoracic splanchnic nerves are postganglionic branches of the thoracic sympathetic trunk true or false
False
50
How do the thoracic splanchnics cross the vertebral bodies
Anteroinferior direction from sympathetic trunk to diaphragm
51
What are the three possible pairs of splanchnics
Greater, lesser and least
52
What does the greater splanchnic form from
T5-T9
53
What does the lesser splanchnic form from in 90% of individuals
T10 to T11
54
What does the least splanchnic form from in 50% of individuals
T11
55
What is the function of the thoracic splanchnic nerves
To carry preganglionic sympathetic fibres which will synapse in sympathetic ganglia in the abdomen e.g. coeliac ganglion
56
What will the thoracic splanchnics supply? (2)
Foregut (greater) | Midgut (lesser and least)
57
What are the phrenic nerves derived from
Ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves 3-5, in particular C4
58
What do the phrenic nerves cross to enter the thorax
Anterior surface of scalenus anterior
59
The phrenic nerves descend posterior to the root of lung true or false
False
60
What do the left and right phrenic nerves pass through?
Left: Adjacent to central tendon Right: Caval aperture
61
What is the function of the phrenic nerves (8)
Sole somatic motor supply to diaphragm Sensory supply to pericardium, parietal pleura, diaphragm, liver ligaments (coronary and falciform), suprarenal, IVC and gallbladder
62
What is the general path of the vagus nerve
Descend through jugular foramen | Travels down side of neck with internal jugular and internal/common carotid arteries
63
What does the vagus pass anterior to on the left side and give off
Arch of aorta | Left recurrent laryngeal branch
64
Where do the recurrent laryngeal branches travel
Behind aortic arch, and back up neck to larynx
65
What does the vagus pass anterior to on the right side and give off
Subclavian artery | Right recurrent laryngeal branch
66
What do the vagi do after passing into the thorax?
They pass posterior to roots of lung and break up into smaller branches to form cardiac, pulmonary and oesophageal plexuses
67
What do the split vagi reform as in the lower thorax
Vagal trunks which pass into the abdomen with the oesophagus
68
Which plexuses do the preganglionic parasymapthetic fibres synapse on
Myenteric | Submucosal
69
What is the function of the vagus
Supplies pharynx, larynx, soft palate (motor and sensory), thoracic viscera, foregut and midgut (parasympathetic and sensory)
70
What do the abdomen/pelvic regions extend from
Thoracic diaphragm to pelvic diaphragm
71
Which organs sit within the thoracic cage due to diaphragm doming (4)
Liver, stomach, spleen and upper kidneys
72
Which organs are enclosed within and protected by the pelvis
Reproductive organs | Bladder
73
What does the transpyloric plane mark?
``` Halfway between sternal notch and upper pubic symphysis Pylorus of stomach Hila of kidneys Body of L1 End of spinal cord ```
74
How is the abdomen divided into quadrants
Line through umbilicus in vertical and horizontal planes
75
During forced expiration where is the right dome approximately in males
Level of the nipple
76
During force expiration where is the left dome approximately in males
One rib lower than right lobe
77
What does the quadratus lumborum join?
Rib 12 and bodies of L1-4 to the iliac crest
78
What are two functions of the quadratus lumborum?
1. Extend lower back | 2. Stabilise rib position
79
What is the quadratus lumborum
Lateral spine flexor | bends back laterally on the side of the contracting muscle
80
What does the psoas minor join
Bodies of T12 and L1 to pecten pubis
81
Psoas minor is in all individuals true or false
False, 40% dont have
82
What is the role of psoas minor if it exists
Weak trunk flexor
83
What does psoas major join
Transverse processes and bodies of lumbar vertebrae via common tendon with iliacus to upper femur
84
What does iliacus join
Iliac fossa to upper femus
85
What are the functions of psoas and iliacus (3)
Flexion of the thigh on pelvis Bending trunk Tilt pelvis forward against resistance e.g. rising from a sitting position

ANAT (17 decks)

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