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ANAT > Lecture 11 - Alimentary 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Alimentary 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the rectum extend between?

A

S3 to pelvic diaphragm

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2
Q

The ampulla is the superior more narrow section, true or false?

A

False

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3
Q

How do you distinguish the rectum from the sigmoid colon? (5)

A
  1. No mesentery
  2. Retroperitoneal
  3. No sacculations
  4. No epiploic appendices
  5. No taenia
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4
Q

What is the special feature of the mucous in the wall of the rectum?

A

The submucosa contains a venous plexus linking superior and inferior rectal veins

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5
Q

What are the 2 planes of curvatures in the rectum?

A
  1. Anterior to posterior - follows the curve of the sacrum (sacral flexure)
  2. Laterall - Right to Left (largest) then Right
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6
Q

Where and what kind of folds are temporary in the rectum?

A

Longitudinal and in the ampulla

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7
Q

What are the features of the permanent folds in the rectum? (4)

A
  1. Variable in number
  2. Size and shape but commonly three
  3. Include mucosa, submucosa and a variable amount of external muscle
  4. The folds produce lateral folds?
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8
Q

Which permanent fold of the rectum is the largest and most constant

A

The middle fold

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9
Q

Where is the middle fold located? Where are the other folds located in relation to this?

A

Immediately above ampulla and roughly at the level of the rectovesicular/uterine pouch. The others are 4cm above or below

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10
Q

The peritoneum is loosely attached to the rectum true or false?

A

True

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11
Q

Where is the peritoneum attached on the rectum (3 points)?

A

Upper 1/3 - anterior and sides
Middle 1/3 - anterior only
Lower 1/3 - no periteoneum

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12
Q

What does the reflection of the middle 1/3 attachment of the peritoneum form?

A

The rectovesicular pouch

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13
Q

What are the posterior relations of the rectum (3)?

A

Sacrum, coccyx and pelvic diaphragm

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14
Q

What are the lateral relations of the rectum (3)?

A

Sigmoid colon, ileum, pelvic diaphragm

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15
Q

What are the anterior relations of the rectum in the male? (5)

A

Rectovesicular pouch, base of bladder, ductus deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle

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16
Q

What are the anterior relations of the rectum in females? (3)

A

Rectovesicular pouch (Pouch of Douglas), uterus and vagina

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17
Q

How does the anal canal sit/run

A

Using it’s legs hah

Postero-inferiorly through the pelvic diaphragm (coccygeus) to anus

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18
Q

What is the sling of skeletal muscle at the rectoanal junction called?

A

Puborectalis

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19
Q

How many columns are in the upper part of the rectum

A

6-10

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20
Q

How are the lower ends of the columns joined?

A

Transverse folds or valves

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21
Q

What is the space between columns called?

A

Sinuses

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22
Q

What is the line of valves in the rectum called?

A

Pectinate or dentate or mucocutaneous line

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23
Q

Where is the cloacal membrane?

A

At the pectinate/dentate/mucocutaneous line

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24
Q

What is the cloacal membrane? (2)

A

Junction of mucosa with skin with its own blood supply

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25
How do the different layers of mucosa change in the rectum?
From epithelium to simple columnar than a transitional zone or non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
26
There are sphincters over the entire length of the anal canal true or false?
True
27
Where are the internal and external sphincters?
Upper 2/3 and lower 2/3 of the anal canal
28
What do the internal sphincters consist of?
Thickened circular layer of external smooth muscle which stop at the junction of skin
29
What do the external sphincters consist of?
A tube of skeletal muscle outside external muscle (3 parts)
30
The movement of the external sphincters is voluntary, true or false?
False, it is only partly voluntary
31
Where is the rectoanal junction?
At the level of the tops of the columns
32
The rectoanal junction is narrower than the ampulla, true or false?
True
33
What if a posterior relation to the anal canal?
Anococcygeal ligament (dense connective tissue which extends from coccyx to anal margin)
34
What are the anterior relationships to the anal canal?
Perineal body and membranous urethra/bulb of penis OR vagina
35
What is the lateral relation to the anal canal?
Ischiorectal fossa
36
How long does the bolus spend in the stomach and small intestine?
1-3 hours and 1-6 hours
37
How does the bolus move from the stomach to the small intestine
Segmenting contractions and peristalsis from one end to the other (motilin)
38
How does the bolus move from the ileum to the large intestine?
Gastrocolic reflex
39
What keeps the anus closed?
Muscle tone stimulated by sympathetic nerves
40
When does the muscle tone normally increase
When intraabdominal pressure rises e.g. coughing
41
What are 4 things that keep the anus closed?
muscle tone, puborectalis, reverse peristalsis and relaxation of muscle wall of rectum and sigmoid
42
Where is the faeces held prior to defecation?
In the ampulla
43
What sends the defecation reflex?
Medulla oblongata
44
Where is faeces voided from?
The splenic flexure down
45
What is defecation?
Rectal stretching
46
What are three things that occur during defecation?
Relaxation of sphincters and puborectalis Peristalsis in descending and sigmoid colon increases Contraction of abdominal muscles and diaphragm which raise abdominal pressure
47
What are the functions of the two pancreas?
Exocrine - digestive enzymes | Endocrine - Islets of Langerhans
48
What does the pancreas develop from?
Two outgrowths from the foregut (dorsal and ventral pancreatic bud)
49
How do the buds turn into the pancreas? (3)
1) Buds form a series of branching epithelial lined tubules arising from distal/caudal foregut 2) Form pancreatic ducts which then develop into acini 3) Islets also arise from tubule cells which then separate and come to lie in connective tissue between the tubules. 4) The ventral pancreas rotates posteriorly so that i ultimately lies behind the dorsal pancreas 5) The two primordia then fuse.
50
When does insulin secretion first begin?
10 weeks into gestation
51
What causes the ventral pancreas to rotate posteriorly so that it lies behind the dorsal pancreas?
Rotation of the stomach and differential growth
52
Which duct remains as the main pancreatic duct?
The ventral duct
53
What happens to the dorsal pancreatic duct during development (2)
The dorsal duct also rearranges to drain into the ventral duct the part most proximal the duodenum may persist as a minor pancreatic duct
54
What causes the pancreas to become retroperitoneal?
Pressure from adjacent organs pushes the pancreas against the abdominal wall and layers of peritoneum fuse
55
What does the ventral pancreatic bud form? (2)
The uncinate process and inferior head
56
What does the dorsal pancreatic bud form?
The rest of the pancreas
57
How long is the mature pancreas?
12-15 cm long
58
The entire mature pancreas is retroperitoneal true or false?
False, everything is retroperitoneal apart from the tail
59
Where does the mature pancreas extend from?
Duodenum to spleen behind the stomach
60
What are the four regions of the pancreas?
Head, uncinate process, body, tail
61
Where does the head and uncinate process lie?
Within the curve of the duodenum
62
What is posterior to the head and uncinate process (2)?
IVC and aorta
63
What is the uncinate process?
Lower extension of head behind superior mesenteric vessels
64
What do the anterosuperior faces of the body of the pancreas face?
Lesser and greater sac
65
Where does the transverse mesocolon attach to the pancreas?
Anterior angle of the body
66
Where does the tail travel?
It accompanies the splenic vessels into splenorenal ligament
67
Where does the main duct drain into?
The greater duodenal papilla in the posteromedial wall of descending duodenum.
68
What may the bile and main pancreatic duct unite to form?
The hepatopancreatic ampulla
69
Where would the accessory duct open if it exists?
2cm superior to the main duct
70
What is a defining feature of the main pancreatic duct?
A herringbone pattern of lobar ducts drain into the main duct
71
Where does the main pancreatic duct sit?
Within the pancreas towards posterior surface

ANAT (17 decks)

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