Lecture 4 - Rice

Question 1

what is rice

Answer 1

the seed of a semi-aquatic grass that thrives in tropical and sub-tropical climates

Question 2

rice is the worlds _____ important grain cereal

Answer 2

most

Question 3

around how much of the world’s population considers rice a staple food

Answer 3

more than half of the world’s population

Question 4

what is the whole grain of rice with the husk called

Answer 4

paddy

Question 5

how is the husk removed from rice

Answer 5

milling

Question 6

food uses for rice

Answer 6

boiled rice, rice flakes, puffed rice, rice pudding, risotto, ground rice for confectionery

Question 7

non-food uses for rice

Answer 7

rice powder, starch, sake, husks used animal feed, and a mix for concrete, rice oil for cooking, straw is used for roof

Question 8

2 types of rice

Answer 8

sticky and basmati rice

Question 9

top rice producing country in 2018

Answer 9

China

Question 10

is irrigated, rainfed lowland, or upland rice the most common way of growing rice

Answer 10

irrigated

Question 11

what ploidy is rice

Answer 11

diploid (2n=24), but triploid and tetraploid also exists

Question 12

where is rice native too

Answer 12

SE Asia

Question 13

rice was cultivated in China for _______ years

Answer 13

5000

Question 14

what is the wild progenitor for rice

Answer 14

Oryza rufipogon

Question 15

is rice freely tillering

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

how tall is rice

Answer 16

50-150cm tall

Question 17

how does rice pollinate

Answer 17

typically self pollinating with 0-4.5% outcrossing

Question 18

what is the optimum germination temp for rice

Answer 18

30-35 C

Question 19

types of grain shape for rice

Answer 19

extra long
long
medium
short

Question 20

types of maturity in rice

Answer 20

very early (<110days), early (110-140days), late (150-170days), very late (>180days)

Question 21

3 sub species of rice

Answer 21

javanica, japonica, indica

Question 22

where is rice typically grown

Answer 22

subtropical and warm temperate climates

Question 23

how many months do rice require and at what temp

Answer 23

need 4-6 months at 20-25C (minimum of 10C)

Question 24

water requirements of lowland rice

Answer 24

800-2400mm of rain and cannot tolerate dessication

Question 25

types of rice

Answer 25

hill rice, swamp rice, floating rice

Question 26

hill rice

Answer 26

upland or dryland rice needs good rains for 3-4 months

Question 27

swamp rice

Answer 27

lowland rice grown in irrigated or flooded areas

Question 28

what does rice require in order to be cultivated

Answer 28

controlled flooding and draining of the land

Question 28

floating rice

Answer 28

grown in areas of deep flooding (up to 5m or more)

Question 29

how does planting of rice happen

Answer 29

transplants which are direct seeded in a nursery

Question 30

how deep is manual flooding in rice cultivation

Answer 30

2-3 inches

Question 31

why is fertilizer not really needed in rice cultivation

Answer 31

has blue-green algae that fixes N with Azotobacter

Question 32

how can you tell when rice is ready to be harvested

Answer 32

18% to 23% moisture content

Question 33

2 types of lowland rice cultivation

Answer 33

traditional system and mechanized system

Question 34

traditional system of lowland rice cultivation

Answer 34

grown completely with hand labor by small holders with 1-5 acres requires 400 person hours per acre to transplant seedlings and harvest each panicle by hand

Question 35

mechanized system of lowland rice cultivation

Answer 35

seeded by airplane or machine presoaked seed is in flooded 2.4-5cm field until plant grows. water level is then raised to 10-15cm high fertilization and weed control field is drained a week before grain is ripe harvest using combine

Question 36

how is rice harvested

Answer 36

rice grains are separated from stalks and dried

Question 37

how is rice dried modernly

Answer 37

forced air blowers

Question 38

how is rice traditionally dried

Answer 38

dried in the sun

Question 39

what is the dried rice/paddy moisture content

Answer 39

12-14%

Question 40

what does milling do to paddy rice

Answer 40

makes it consumable for humans

Question 41

4 major part of rice

Answer 41

hull, bran, endosperm, germ

Question 42

hull of rice

Answer 42

fibrous indigestible shell

Question 43

bran of rice

Answer 43

outer layer of dehulled rice kernal

Question 44

endosperm of rice

Answer 44

large interior, containing most nutrients

Question 45

germ of rice

Answer 45

embryo of rice kernal containing most of the oil

Question 46

milling steps of rice

Answer 46

hull removed bran and germ are removed white rice is sorted to remove broken kernals most rice is enriched with thin coating of nutrients

Question 47

types of rice by milling

Answer 47

paddy rice whole grain rice (hull removed) white rice (hull, bran, and germ removed)

Question 48

main agency of rice improvement

Answer 48

international rice research institute in Los Banos, Philippines

Question 49

what does SRI stand for

Answer 49

system of rice identification

Question 50

what is SRI

Answer 50

special method of rice identification originally developed in Madagascar in 1983 that uses a combination of several practices and emphasize change

Question 51

6 steps of SRI

Answer 51

1. early transplanting 2. Careful transplanting 3. wide spacing 4. weeding and aeration 5. water management 6. compost application

Question 52

how does SRI improve effectiveness

Answer 52

reduce water, seed, and chemical fertilizer inputs while still increasing yield

Question 53

how did rice production meet consumer preferences and environmental tolerance

Answer 53

hybrid rice

Question 54

what is hybrid rice

Answer 54

first generation offspring between 2 genetically diverse parents

Question 55

male sterility

Answer 55

a condition in which the pollen grain is unviable or cannot germinate and fertilize normally to set seeds

Question 56

types of male sterility systems

Answer 56

cytoplasmic genetic male sterility environment-sensitive genetic male sterility chemically induced male sterility

Question 57

who started hybrid rice research

Answer 57

china

Question 58

what are some problems with hybrid rice

Answer 58

little diversity in genetic material poor grain quality seed production is difficult cultivation requires additional input expense

Question 59

super hybrid varieties in china yield _________

Answer 59

13.5t/ha

Question 60

golden rice

Answer 60

rice that is high in b-carotene