Lecture 5

Question 1

Evidence-based practice requires _____

Answer 1

the integration of the best research evidence with our clinical expertise and our patient’s unique values and circumstances

Question 2

Evidence-informed practice

Answer 2

→ 3 different pieces which come together
Gut reaction: intuition
Intuition: clinical knowledge and experience

Question 3

What is the highest form of evidence

Answer 3

Systematic Reviews

Question 4

If you see the letter ‘R’ it is RANDOM (RCT) no ‘R’ but a group you study over time is

Answer 4

a quasi-experiment

Question 5

Qualitative means ___

Answer 5

Question 6

Quantitative means

Answer 6

Question 7

What are Service User Values

Answer 7

The unique preferences, concerns, and expectations each service user brings to a clinical encounter with a practitioner, and which must be integrated into practice decisions if they are to serve the client.
A thorough consideration of ethical considerations and service user considerations is integral to the EBP model.

Question 8

What is Clinical Expertise?

Answer 8

Our ability to use our education, interpersonal skills and past experience to assess service user functioning, diagnose mental health issues and/or other relevant conditions, including environmental factors, and to understand service user values and preferences.
Clinical expertise factors, costs, available resources, are integral to the EBP model.
Research findings are NOT accorded greater weight. All are compellingly important.

Question 9

Operalization doesn’t exist in ______ research

Answer 9

Qualitative

Operationalization means turning abstract concepts into measurable observations.

Question 10

What are the Major Steps of Evidence-based Practice?

Answer 10

1. Convert the need for information into an answerable questions(s).
2. Track down the best available evidence to answer each question.
3. Critically evaluate this evidence in terms of its validity, impact, and potential relevance to our service users.
4. Integrate relevant evidence with our own clinical expertise and client values and circumstances.
5. Evaluate our expertise in conducting Steps 1-4 above, and evaluate the outcomes of our services to the service user, especially focusing on an assessment of enhanced functioning and/or problem resolution.

Question 11

How Can You Critically Evaluate the Available Evidence?

Answer 11

Develop critical appraisal skills in evaluating research yourself. (a bottom-up search) Seek out and rely on credible groups which have already done this

Question 12

What does the EBM funnel say

Answer 12

Question 13

What are some characteristics of qualitative research

Answer 13

No Intervention
Naturalistic
Small Sample Size
Non-Probability Sampling
Little Use of Measurement
Journalistic Narrative
Exploratory

Question 14

Qualitative Theory Building

Answer 14

Experience -> ask what is going on
Inquire
Test/Conceptualize
Concretize
Experience

Question 15

3 Prominent themes in qualitative research:

Answer 15

Question 16

PHENOMENOLOGY:

Answer 16

A philosophy: a way to apprehend lived experience

A research method: rigorous process of examining “the things themselves”

A way of thinking about what life experiences are like for people

How people participate in the world

Understand the relationship between individual consciousness and social life (action – sensitive – understanding)

Different stance then post and pre potivism?

Study the phenomenon and explain what’s going on in peoples lived experiences

Question 17

VERSTENEH

Answer 17

an empathetic effort to move into the mind of another
→ in qualitative research is being able to see from other people’s eyes!!!

Question 18

PHENOMOLGY terms

Answer 18

BRACKETING: lifting an item from its context to understand it

INTROSPECTION: using your subjective understanding study the phenomenon

METASOCIAL: an analysis of self, situational & social construction

Question 19

BRACKETING

Answer 19

lifting an item from its context to understand it

Question 20

INTROSPECTION

Answer 20

using your subjective understanding study the phenomenon

Question 21

METASOCIAL

Answer 21

an analysis of self, situational & social construction

Question 22

Postmodernism, critical theory and deconstruction arise from ______

Answer 22

phenomenology

Question 23

ETHNOGRAPHY

Answer 23

Capturing, interpreting, explaining how people in groups, organizations and communities make sense of
Their lives
How they live
Their groups/organizations/communities
Their society
Their world

Question 24

_____ Involves embedding oneself deeply and over the long-term in a field site of study in order to systemically document the everyday lives, behaviors, and interactions of a community of people. It is participant observation

Answer 24

Grounded theory

Question 25

WHAT IS THIS: In-depth interviews are used to clarify observations Trying to capture the daily production of reality How social structures are produced, sustained & experienced Drawing meaning from context Reality is produced from within → put yourself in the situation and be part of the community Provide rich, holistic insights into people's views and actions, as well as the nature of the location they inhabit

Answer 25

Ethnography

Question 26

Question 27

ethnography advantages

Answer 27

Advantages: longitudinal non-verbal & verbal how respondents make sense of questions consistency of coders

Question 28

ethnography disadvantages

Answer 28

Disadvantages: not product focused small scale

Question 29

What is Grounded theory

Answer 29

what Dr. Csiernick does (oberserve, tell the story, move it in the direction the people want, help them become heard)

Question 30

_______ is a general methodology whose the purpose is to develop explanations, hypotheses or theories that are GROUDED in OBSERVATIONS of social behaviour that have been systemically gathered and analyzed is ________

Answer 30

Grounded theory

Question 31

______ theory evolves during actual research and it does this through the continuous interplay between analysis and data collection

Answer 31

Grounded theory

Question 32

_____ theory may be generated initially from the data or if existing — ie grounded theories seem appropriate to the area of investigation then these may be elaborated and modified as incoming data are played against them

Answer 32

Grounded theory

Question 33

* generating theory and doing social research are two parts of the same process Moving from explaining to using the data → * it is phenomenological in that it attempts to go directly to the empirical data without preconceptions or pre-structuring of data collection procedures on the basis of prior theory or research * tends to be more naturalistic and noninterventionist * this perspective argues that theories generated from and grounded in observations of the empirical world have a better chance to be useful and valid that deductive theories * it is a way of thinking about & conceptualizing data

Answer 33

Grounded theory

Question 34

__________ DISCOVERY-ORIENTED RESEARCH METHODS ARE REQUIRED TO DEVELOP EMERGING KNOWLEDGE IN SOCIAL WORK

Answer 34

QUALITATIVE

Question 35

When does everything start with the research process?

Answer 35

Question 36

QUALITATIVE APPROACHES

Answer 36

OBSERVATIONS INTERVIEWS / ORAL EXCHANGES CASE STUDIES

Question 37

Forms of Observation:

Answer 37

Participant vs non participant observation Structured vs unstructured Naturalistic vs controlled (focus group) Overt vs covert

Question 38

Observation advantages:

Answer 38

Non-verbal behaviour Natural environment Longitudinal analysis

Question 39

Observation limitations:

Answer 39

Lack of control Difficulty in quantification Small sample size Gaining entry Lack of anonymity with sensitive issues

Question 40

Focus group process:

Answer 40

Prepare - the session Develop - the questions Plan - the session Facilitate - the session Post - meeting activity

Question 41

Focus group advantages:

Answer 41

The natural setting allows people to express opinions/ideas freely. Open expression among members of marginalized social groups is encouraged. People tend to feel empowered, especially in action-oriented research projects. Survey researchers are provided a window into how people talk about survey topics. The interpretation of quantitative survey results is facilitated. Participants may query one another and explain their answers to each other.

Question 42

Focus group Limitations:

Answer 42

A "polarization effect" exists (attitudes become more extreme after group discussion). Only one or a few topics can be discussed in a focus group session. A moderator may unknowingly limit open, free expression of group members. Focus group participants produce fewer ideas than in individual interviews. Focus group studies rarely report all the details of study design/procedure. Researchers cannot reconcile the differences that arise between individual-only and focus group context responses.

Question 43

Case Studies - a unit of _____

Answer 43

measurement/analysis

Question 44

* Idiographic

Answer 44

a single unit is studied using multiple variables and generalized analytically rather than statistically

Question 45

* Four strategies:

Answer 45

description of past history description of phenomenon over time selection of instances of contrasting experiences flexible role of the researcher

Question 46

* Conditions to conduct a case study

Answer 46

- one or a few research participants - little is know about the study area impossible to draw a representative sample - study area illegal/not socially sanctioned

Question 47

* Evidence existing documentation

Answer 47

- archival records - interviews - direct observation - participant-observation - physical artifacts