Lecture 6 Flashcards
(31 cards)
A research process in which the community participates in the analysis of its own reality in order to promote a social transformation for the benefit of the participants who are oppressed, It entails research, education and action and is an outgrowth of community development as much as research.
PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH
PAR ATTRIBUTES
Investigative
Educational
Action Orientation
Raising Consciousness
Praxis – the intersection of theory with practice to create change
This approaches uses an adult education model of empowerment
PAR
Par Philosophy (4 cs)
Contractual
Consultative
Collaborative
Collegial
key characteristics of PAR
EMPOWERMENT
Power Sharing
Voice & Choice
Participation
SUPPORTIVE RELATIONS
Connectedness
Cooperation
Communication
SOCIAL CHANGE
Useful Knowledge
Problem Solving
Social Action
LEARNING AS A PROCESS
Sharing Perspectives
Collective Consciousness Raising
Continuous Innovation
Principles of Participatory Action Research
People are the subjects not the objects of the research
The researcher takes part in the action of the group by promoting agreed upon goals
The researcher provides continuous feedback on the research
Interpretation is formed through dialogues with the subjects of the research
Cooperation is based on open interaction
PAR is about a
Feminist research ____
Research designed to bring about change in women’s lives by confronting sexism and attempting to alter social institutions that promote or perpetuate sexism.
The feminist critique was a reaction against existing sexist bias within the social sciences with the emphasis on exposing male-dominated disciplines and research behaviours.
There is a unique standpoint not only as a result of gender but produced as a result of being a dominated class.
Epistemological criteria for feminist research
- All knowledge is socially constructed
- Dominant ideology is that of the ruling group
- There is no such thing as value-free science
- As people’s perspective vary systematically with their position in society, the perspective of men and women likewise vary
Priorities for feminist informed research include
The research should be women-centered
The research methodology strives to gain the subjective experiences of the women involved
The research ensures that the safety of the women involved comes first and the research second
The research process between all parties should be reciprocal
Women’s voices should be placed at the center of the research
THERE ARE THERE ASPECTS THAT NEED TO BE IN PLACE FOR CAUSATION:
- TEMPORAL ORDERING
- CO VARIATION OF THE INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIALBLES (empirically correlated)
- ELIMINATION OF ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS (internal and external validity)
THE CRITICAL IDEA FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS IS _______
Casation
Research designs:
R= RANDOMIZATION
X= TREATMENT
OBSERVATION
Classic experiment design
what is this
The Solomon Four-Group Design
Threats to internal validity
- HISTORY
- MATURATION
- TESTING (Initial Measurement Effects)
- INSTRUMENTATION
- STATISTICAL REGRESSION (Regression to the Mean)
- SELECTION BIAS
- MORTALITY
- CAUSAL TIME-ORDER
- DIFFUSION (Imitation of Treatment)
pre-experimental design
One GroupPre-Test Post-Test Design
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Time series
O1 O2 X O3 O4 O5 O6 (n=8)
COMPARISION GROUP PRE-TEST POST-TEST
Non-equivalent control
Two Treatment Groups
Summary of Quasi
observational studies
CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Cross-sectional studies form a class of research methods that involve observation of some subset of a population of items all at the same time, in which, groups can be compared at different ages with respect of independent variables. They typically employ a statistically significant number of subjects.
In this research design subjects are assessed at a single time in their lives. A cross sectional study is fast and can study a large number of patients at little cost or effort. Also, you don’t have to worry about clients dropping out during the course of the study. This study is efficient at identifying association but may have trouble deciding cause and effect since both the outcome and the variables are measured at the one time.
refers to data collected by observing many subjects (such as individuals, agencies or countries/regions) at the same point of time, or without regard to differences in time.
Observational studies _____
Cohort studies
groups (cohorts) are identified. One “exposed” the other does not.
These are generally longitudinal studies.
Example: group of women witnessed violence as a child versus a group that did not to determine if there is equal chance of being involved in a violent interpersonal relationship in adult hood
Observational studies _____
Using existing records, subjects are identified as having an event (case, ie substance abuse). Other subjects are chosen who do not have this event (controls) and then the history of each is tracked to determine if the cases are more likely to have the risk factor (witnessing parental violence as a child). HISTORIC
