Lecture #6 Chapter #3

Question 1

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

Answer 1

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

Question 2

What ate the 4 functions of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 2

Provide strength, provide the cell with ability to resist force, maintain shape, and sell motility

Question 3

What is the location of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 3

Throughout the cell

Question 4

What are microfilaments?

Answer 4

Tiny rods of protein (beta actin)

Question 5

What are microtubules?

Answer 5

Slender tubes composed of pairs of (tubulin)

Question 6

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 6

Several types of proteins (keratin)

Question 7

What is cell motility?

Answer 7

Cell rearranging it self to move

Question 8

What is phalloiden?

Answer 8

A toxin that binds to f-actin and can be used with a fluorescent molecule to monitor changes in microfilament organization

Question 9

What is the central zone composed of?

Answer 9

Two cylinders called centrioles

Question 10

What is the function of the centrisome?

Answer 10

Centrioles migrate to either side of the nucleus and produce spindle fibers to pull and distribute chromosomes to newly forming cells

Question 11

Where is the central zone located?

Answer 11

Near the nucleus

Question 12

How can centrioles be thought of?

Answer 12

Like a factory because they can assemble and disassemble the cytoskeleton

Question 13

What are cilia and flagella made of?

Answer 13

Microtubules

Question 14

What is the function of cilia and flagella?

Answer 14

Motility

Question 15

What is the difference between cilia and flagella?

Answer 15

Cilia perform sweeping movements while the cell remain stationary

Flagella perform swimming movements while the cell propels in specified direction

Question 16

Where are flagella located?

Answer 16

Sperm cell

Question 17

Where are cilia located?

Answer 17

In many different locations such as the respiratory track in the fallopian tubes

Question 18

What happens during interphase?

Answer 18

Cell growth, maintenance of routine functions, and replication of all DNA

Question 19

What are the three phases that interphase can be subdivided into?

Answer 19

G1 phase-growth phase
S phase–DNA replicated
G2 phase-cellular growth, synthesize of structures besides DNA


Question 20

What does the G stand for in G1 and G2 phase?

Answer 20

Gap

Question 21

What does the S stand for in the S phase?

Answer 21

Synthesis

Question 22

What are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 22

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Question 23

What are somatic cells?

Answer 23

Normal cells which are not sex cells

Question 24

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 24

Only in sex cells

Question 25

And what types of cells are 23 chromosomes found?

Answer 25

Sex cells

Question 26

In what type of cells are 46 chromosomes found?

Answer 26

Somatic cells

Question 27

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 27

The nuclear membrane

Question 28

In which type of cells does mitosis occur?

Answer 28

Somatic/non-sex cells

Question 29

What is produced at the end of mitosis?

Answer 29

Two identical daughter cells from the original cell eats with a complete set of 46 chromosomes. With 23 coming from each parent

Question 30

How many chromosomes are in meiosis?

Answer 30

23

Question 31

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 31

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 32

What 4 things happen in prophase?

Answer 32

-Chromatin condenses -Sister chromatids attached at the centromere -Centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus in micro tubules form -The nuclear envelope and nucleolus break apart

Question 33

What 2 things happen in metaphase?

Answer 33

-Duplicated Homologous chromosome’s lineup at the spindle equator (halfway between spindle polls) -Sister chromatids prepare to move apart toward opposite spindle poles

Question 34

What happens in anaphase?

Answer 34

-Microtubules separate the sister chromatids of each chromosome and pull them toward opposite spindle poles -Each DNA molecule is now a separate chromosome

Question 35

What happens in telophase?

Answer 35

To clusters of chromosomes arrive at the spindle polls in decondense; new nuclei form

Question 36

What happens at the end of mitosis?

Answer 36

Cytokinesis, which is when nuclear envelopes form around the two clusters of chromosomes forming two new nuclei with the parental chromosome number

Question 37

What causes a tumor?

Answer 37

To frequent mitosis – abnormal growth

Question 38

What stages of the cell cycle are skipped in cancer?

Answer 38

G1 and G2 checkpoints are ignored

Question 39

What is a neoplasm?

Answer 39

Moles and other tumors Abnormal masses of tissue

Question 40

What is a benign tumor?

Answer 40

A non-cancerous neoplasm

Question 41

What is a malignant neoplasm?

Answer 41

Cancer when abnormally dividing cells disrupt body tissues, physically and metabolically

Question 42

What is a tumor suppressor gene?

Answer 42

A gene that holds mitosis in check

Question 43

What is an oncogene?

Answer 43

Abnormal variance of genes that normally control the cell cycle but become overexpressed and increase cell division rate

Question 44

What does metastasize mean?

Answer 44

Malignant neoplasms can break free and invade other tissues

Question 45

What is BRCA gene?

Answer 45

Breast cancer genes are tumor suppressor genes whose products normally repair broken DNA

Question 46

What are the two ways that a cell dies?

Answer 46

Apoptosis and necrosis

Question 47

What occurs in apoptosis?

Answer 47

Programmed cell death which occurs normally with the formation of blebs

Question 48

What is a bleb?

Answer 48

 Bulges of packaged contents during apoptosis

Question 49

What is necrosis?

Answer 49

Cell death from damage which does not occur normally and releases Inflammatory cellular contents

Question 50

What is diffusion?

Answer 50

Net movement of substances is down a concentration gradient which ends in dynamic equilibrium

Question 51

What are the two types of proteins and facilitated diffusion?

Answer 51

Channel and carrier proteins

Question 52

What happens in facilitated diffusion?

Answer 52

Substances which do not readily diffuse across the membrane are transported via proteins to allow diffusion to occur

Question 53

What must be done to move substances up a concentration gradient?

Answer 53

Active transport

Question 54

What happens in active transport?

Answer 54

Energy is used where to solutes are typically pumped across the membrane in the opposite direction

Question 55

What is osmosis?

Answer 55

Where water moves to the concentration of high solvent

Question 56

What is filtration?

Answer 56

Forcing molecules through membranes by exerting pressure

Question 57

What is filtration used for?

Answer 57

To separate solids from water

Question 58

What is endocytosis?

Answer 58

Cells taking in macromolecules by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane

Question 59

What is exocytosis?

Answer 59

Vesicles migrate to the plasma membrane, fused with it, and release their contents

Question 60

What is pinocytosis?

Answer 60

Drinking/Taking in water and dissolved components

Question 61

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 61

Eating/Taking in solids

Question 62

What is receptor mediated endocytosis?

Answer 62

The taking in of specific molecules from surrounding fluids that bind to receptors

Question 63

What are examples of exocytosis?

Answer 63

Releasing neural transmitters and some hormones

Question 64

What is transcytosis?

Answer 64

The combining of endocytosis and exocytosis to selectively and rapidly transport a substance or particle from one end of a cell to another