Lecture 6 - CNS brain

Question 1

Gyri and Sulci _____ the surface area of the brain

Answer 1

Increase

Question 2

2 main gyri

Answer 2

Pre-central gyrus

Post-central gyrus

Question 3

Pre-central gyrus

Answer 3

Immediately anterior to the central sulcus
Motor cortex
The tracts that leave here descend (pyramidal tracts or corticospinal tracts)

Question 4

Post-central gyrus

Answer 4

Immediately posterior to the central gyrus
Sensory cortex
Spinothalamic tracts and spinocerebellar tracts

Question 5

Major fissures of the brain (4)

Answer 5

Longitudinal cerebral fissure
Transverse fissure
Lateral sulci/fissure
Central sulcus

Question 6

Separates partially two cerebral hemispheres
Deep sulcus
Occupied by the falx cerebri which is a double-folded dura mater membrane

Answer 6

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

Question 7

Lies between the occipital lobe and the cerebellum

Dural membrane, tentorium cerebelli, lies here

Answer 7

Transverse fissure

Question 8

Dural extension that separates the 2 cerebellar hemispheres is called the ____ ____

Answer 8

Falx cerebelli

Question 9

In embryo, a neural tube is formed from which 3 cavities or sections will develop?

Answer 9

1. Prosencephalon (forebrain) = telencephalon, diencephalon
2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain) = metencephalon, myelencephalon

Question 10

Cerebrum (4)

Answer 10

• Part of prosencephalon (telencephalon)
• Divided in the sagittal plane into two halves: the right and the left hemisphere
• Each hemisphere controls activities of the opposite side of the body
• Hemispheres are mirror images of one another in many ways but there are functional distinctions

Question 11

In most people, development and use of language are located in the ____ hemisphere

Answer 11

Left

Question 12

Areas that govern three-dimensional visualization and artistic creations are located in the ___ hemisphere

Answer 12

Right

Question 13

4 lobes of the hemisphere

Answer 13

Frontal
Temporal
Parietal
Occipital

Question 14

A 5th lobe lies deep to the cortex and medial to the temporal lobe

Answer 14

Insula

Question 15

Grey matter: location and content

Answer 15

Cerebral cortex (conscious mind)
Unmyelinated (axons)

Question 16

White matter : content

Answer 16

Myelinated axons

Question 17

The internal white matter contains myelinated fibers (tracts) extending in 3 major directions

Answer 17

• Commissural tracts
• Association tracts
• Projection tracts

Question 18

Commissural tracts

Answer 18

Link the 2 sides (left and right)

Question 19

Association tracts

Answer 19

Connects 2 different parts of the same region

Question 20

Projection tracts

Answer 20

Connecting 2 different regions

Question 21

3 structures of the basal ganglia

Answer 21

Caudate nucleus
Amygdala
Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus, putamen)

Question 22

Basal ganglia (3)

Answer 22

• Relay station for motor impulses
• Control large unconscious (autonomic) movements of skeletal muscles
• Control initiation, termination and intensity

Question 23

2 prominent structures of the diencephalon

Answer 23

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Question 24

2 endocrine glands of the diencephalon

Answer 24

Pineal gland

Pituitary gland

Question 25

Thalamus (6)

Answer 25

Two masses of grey matter Connected by intermediate mass Surrounds 3rd ventricle Principle relay station for sensory (afferent) impulses travelling to cerebral cortex Also relay for involuntary motor (efferent) impulses travelling outward Early conscious recognition of sensations related to survival

Question 26

Forms part of the roof of the 3rd ventricle | Secretes at least one hormone, melatonin, but its function remains in doubt

Answer 26

Pineal gland

Question 27

Hypothalamus (4)

Answer 27

Lies below thalamus Partially housed in the sella turcica (well protected) Controls many involuntary body activities Control center of the ANS

Question 28

6 main functions of the hypothalamus

Answer 28

1. control of the ANS 2. production of hormones (oxytocin, ADH) 3. regulation of emotional & behavioral patterns 4. regulation of eating and drinking 5. control of body/blood temperature 6. regulation of awakening and sleep patterns

Question 29

Projections from the hypothalamus include

Answer 29

``` Mammillary bodies Pituitary gland (hypophysis) ```

Question 30

Mammillary bodies (2)

Answer 30

Lie at the base of the brain & hypothalamus-2 round masses | Associated with smell

Question 31

Pituitary gland (3)

Answer 31

Extends from mammillary bodies Tuber cinerium Pituitary stalk

Question 32

Midbrain/mesencephalon

Answer 32

Between diencephalon and pons Cerebral peduncles Corpora quadrigeminna (sup & inf colliculi)

Question 33

Superior colliculi associates with

Answer 33

Sight

Question 34

Inferior colliculi associates with

Answer 34

Hearing

Question 35

Rhombencephalon (hinbrain) is divided in two parts

Answer 35

- Metencephalon | - Myelencephalon

Question 36

Metencephalon (content)

Answer 36

Pons and cerebellum

Question 37

Myelencephalon (content)

Answer 37

Medulla oblongata

Question 38

Pons - "bridge"

Answer 38

Consists of white matter and scattered masses of nuclei (grey matter) Connection between the spinal cord and brain as well as parts of the brain with each other Associated with CN V, VI, VII, VIII

Question 39

Cerebellum (content)

Answer 39

- Two hemispheres - Cerebellar cortex - Arbor vitae

Question 40

Cerebellum (characteristics)

Answer 40

"Automatic pilot" for motor responses Cerebellar peduncles MAIN REGION FOR POSTURE AND BALANCE

Question 41

Carry sensory information from sensory organs in muscles, joints and the inner ear Enable brain to determine status of voluntary motor activities, equilibrium and balance Coordinate and provide precision to skeletal muscle contraction initiated by cerebrum

Answer 41

Cerebellar peduncles

Question 42

Inferior to pons, extends down until s.c Outside- white matter, inside - grey matter White matter consists of all ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) nerve fibers extending between brain and spinal cord Pyramids Gray matter - reflex centers play a role in visceral reflexes, consciousness and arousal

Answer 42

Medulla oblongata

Question 43

Medulla oblongata is associated with which nerves?

Answer 43

CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 44

3 reflex centers

Answer 44

Cardiac center Vasomotor center Respiratory center

Question 45

3 things that protect the brain

Answer 45

Skull, CSF, Meninges

Question 46

3 layers of meninges

Answer 46

Pia mater Arachnoid layer Dura mater

Question 47

Similar to spider web

Answer 47

Arachnoid layer

Question 48

Tough mother

Answer 48

Dura mater

Question 49

Gentle mother

Answer 49

Pia mater

Question 50

Cerebrospinal fluid (characteristics)

Answer 50

- Produced within ventricles - Foramen of Monroe (interventricular foramen) - Cerebral aqueduct

Question 51

CSF is formed by _____ ____

Answer 51

Filtration of blood plasma through dense networks of capillaries called choroid plexus (CP)

Question 52

Capillary wall of the CP and supporting neuroglia form part of ______ ____ _____

Answer 52

Blood brain barrier (BBB)