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SOEN 384 > Lecture 7 - Software Estimation I > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Software Estimation I Flashcards

1
Q

In Scope management, what does Scoping mean?

A

Define boundaries of the project

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2
Q

What are the elements that make up Scope Management? (3)

A
  • Time
  • Resources
  • Functionality
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3
Q

What is Brook’s Law?

A

Adding a human resource to a late software project makes it later

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4
Q

5 persons working full time for six weeks in a project, 35 hours of work per week. What is the Work Effort?

A

Work Effort = (5 persons x 6 weeks x 35 hours/week) = 1050 person-hours

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5
Q

What is “productive effort”?

A

A person’s effort on project related tasks. Excludes lunch, coffee, team meetings, etc.

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6
Q

TF: Effort and Cost estimation allow you to estimate how many features can be delivered within a specific development iteration

A

True

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7
Q

TF: Estimating time needed for defect correction work is a benefit of Effort and Cost Estimation

A

True

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8
Q

What is a solution for a project that is over-scoped?

A

Reduce scope by defining a feature subset (release/project baseline) such that it is no longer over-scoped

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9
Q

How do you define requirements baseline-steps? (3)

A
  • Establish business value
  • Assess effort (person-hours) required to develop feature
  • Assess risk involved in developing feature
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10
Q

TF: Assessing scope effort early in the project is easy

A

False. Difficult to estimate since requirements not detailed and design unclear

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11
Q

TF: A factor to consider when assessing scope risk is new unproven technologies being used

A

True

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12
Q

What are the Priority categories in Requirements Priority? (3)

A
  • Critical
  • Important
  • Useful
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13
Q

What does it mean if a requirement is said to be Critical in Requirement Priority?

A

Means requirement must be incorporated in next product release

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14
Q

What does it mean if a requirement is said to be Important in Requirement Priority?

A

Means requirement is necessary but can be deferred to later release if necessary

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15
Q

What does it mean if a requirement is said to be Useful in Requirement Priority?

A

Means it would be nice to have, but might be dropped if there is insufficient time or resources

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16
Q

What are the Prioritization techniques? (3)

A
  • Ranking
  • Grouping
  • Hundred-dollar method
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17
Q

How does the Ranking prioritization technique work?

A

Rank requirements using a scale

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18
Q

How does the Grouping prioritization technique work?

A

Group requirements based on priority groups (critical, important, useful)

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19
Q

How does the Hundred-dollar method prioritization technique work?

A

Stakeholders get a conceptual $100 to distribute among requirements

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20
Q

What is the first principle of Estimation Fundamental Principles?

A

An estimate is a projection from past to future, accounting for differences between past and future

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21
Q

How is the past captured in the first principle of Estimation Fundamentals?

A

Historical data

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22
Q

How is the future captured in the first principle of Estimation Fundamentals?

A

Requirements for the software to be developed

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23
Q

In the second principle of Estimation Fundamental Principles, all estimates are based on… (2)

A
  • Set of assumptions that must be realized
  • Set of constraints that must be satisfied
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24
Q

What is an assumption?

A

Statement taken to be true without verifying
(ex: might be assumed that productivity factor for project will be 500 lines of code per month)

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25
What is a constraint?
An externally imposed condition that must be observed (ex: project might be constrained to 5 people for 6 months)
26
Say you are given the constraint that 5 people will work for 6 months, and that similar past projects had an average of 50 delivered source lines of code (DSLOC) per person month, what product can we build?
5 people x 6 month = 30 person-months 50 x 30 = 1500 DSLOC per person-month
27
What is the third principle of Estimation Fundamental Principles?
Projects must be re-estimated periodically as understanding grows and aperiodically as project parameters change
28
How often should re-estimation and re-planning occur for a project less than 12 months long?
Monthly basis
29
How often should re-estimation and re-planning occur for a project more than 12 months long?
Quarterly basis
30
What are unanticipated changes that would require re-estimation of a project? (5)
- Major change in requirements - Failure of new technology - Compression of schedule - Reduction of planned budget - Loss of key personnel
31
When is uncertainty highest for a project?
At the start of the project
32
When is uncertainty lowest for a project?
At the end of the project
33
When is confidence lowest for a project?
At the start of the project
34
When is confidence highest for a project?
At the end of the project
35
What is the concept used to show the uncertainty and confidence level for a project?
Cone of uncertainty
36
What are two popular experience-based estimation approaches?
- Estimation by Analogy - Estimation by Expert Judgment
37
Estimating new projects by comparing them to similar past projects is which estimation approach?
Estimation by Analogy
38
In Estimation by Analogy, 'Using analogies to determine size measure' means what?
comparing a new project or task to a similar past one to estimate effort, time, or cost
39
What is the first step of Estimation by Analogy?
Get detailed size results for a similar previous project
40
Finding subsystems (DB, UI, Classes, reports, etc.), number of elements (# of tables in DB, web pages for each subsystem) is part of which estimation technique and which step?
Step 1 of Estimation by Analogy
41
What is the second step of Estimation by Analogy?
Compare size of new project to a similar past project
42
How do you get the multiplication factor for comparing size of new project to similar past project in Estimation by Analogy?
Multiplication factor (subsystem) = (# elements in New) / (# elements in Old)
43
What is the third step of Estimation by Analogy?
Build up estimate for the size of the new project
44
How do you get the size of the new subsystem in Estimation by Analogy?
Size (new subsystem) = size (old subsystem) x multiplication factor
45
How do you get the size of the new Project in Estimation by Analogy?
Size (new project) = sum of size of all its subsystems
46
What is the fourth step of Estimation by Analogy?
Create an effort estimate based on size of the new project
47
How do you get the size ratio of a project in Estimation by Analogy?
Size ratio = size (new project) / size (old project)
48
How do you get estimated effort for a new project in Estimation by Analogy?
Estimated effort (new project) = Effort (old project) x size ratio
49
When should you use Estimation by Analogy? (3)
- When little data available (but previous systems can serve as basis) - Quick, rough order of magnitude estimate needed - Check on other techniques
50
TF: Estimates when little data is available is an advantage of Estimation by Analogy
True
51
TF: Estimation by Analogy requires large data collection
False. Requires limited data collection
52
TF: Estimation by Analogy is based on actual costs
True
53
TF: A disadvantage of Estimation by Analogy is it is based on limited data
True
54
TF: Subjective adjustments are easy to validate in Estimation by Analogy
False. Difficult to validate
55
TF: Accuracy being highly dependent on similarity between two projects is a disadvantage of Estimation by Analogy
True
56
TF: Estimation by Analogy identifies cost drivers
False. Do not identify cost drivers
57
Asking for an estimate for a project to someone knowledgeable about the application or development environment is which estimation approach?
Estimation by Expert Judgment
58
What is Delphi technique of Estimation by Expert Judgment?
When opinions of more than one expert is combined
59
How does the Delphi Technique work for Estimation by Expert Judgment?
- Each member estimates portion of project, then meet to compare estimates - Discuss differences between individual results - average out estimates - Arrive to consensus estimate E - Calculate range of effort estimation values
60
At the beginning of a project, the range of effort estimation values is within what?
± 25% ex: [min, max] = [E * 75%, E * 125%]
61
As a project advances, the range of effort estimation values is within what?
± 15% ex: [min, max] = [E * 85%, E * 115%]
62
What is the PERT estimation technique used for?
To create task-level estimates where the people who will complete the task create the estimates
63
What are the two cases we create when using the PERT estimation technique?
- Best Case - Worst Case
64
How do you calculate the Expected Case in PERT Estimation technique?
ExpectedCase = [BestCase + (4*MostLikelyCase) + WorstCase] / 6
65
What are the advantages of Delphi Technique for Estimation by Expert Judgment? (2)
- Relatively cheap estimation method - Accurate to degree that experts have direct experience with similar systems
66
What is a disadvantage of Delphi Technique for Estimation by Expert Judgment?
Low experience / no experiences results in inaccurate estimates

SOEN 384 (14 decks)

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