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BOTANY > Lecture 7 - Stems - Secondary Growth > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Stems - Secondary Growth Flashcards

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1
Q

What happens to the width of a plant undergoing secondary growth?

A

Width increases

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2
Q

Do herbaceous plants undergo secondary growth?

A

They undergo little or no secondary growth

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3
Q

What plants do undergo secondary growth?

A

Woody plants

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4
Q

Describe secondary growth in monocots and dicots

A

secondary growth is common in dicots and is seen in 10% of monocots

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5
Q

What are the 2 lateral meristems of secondary growth?

A
  • Vascular cambium
  • cork cambium
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6
Q

Explain stem growth of primary growth

A

Growth in length of stem

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7
Q

What tissue pattern is produced by primary growth?

A

Basic tissue pattern

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8
Q

Explain stem growth of secondary growth

A

Growth in width of stem

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9
Q

What tissue is produced by secondary growth?

A

Secondary vascular tissue

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10
Q

What is secondary growth useful for?

A

increasing rate of transportation to expanding shoot

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11
Q

secondary growth increases plant stability which reduces the risk of what?

A

Lodging

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12
Q

What are the secondary tissues?

A

Cork, phelloderm, secondary phloem, secondary Xylem

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13
Q

What does the vascular cambium form?

A

Vascular tissue

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14
Q

Where does division of the vascular cambium occur?

A

At both fascicular and interfascicular regions

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15
Q

Where is the vascular cambium?

A

Innermost layer of bark, between the xylem and phloem

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16
Q

How does the vascular cambium grow?

A

Grow to the inside and outside

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17
Q

Cells on the inside of the vascular cambium are called?

A

Secondary xylem

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18
Q

Cells on the outside of the vascular cambium are called?

A

Secondary phloem

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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of vascular cambium cells?

A
  • Fusiform initials
  • ray initials
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20
Q

Describe shape of fusiform initials

A

Longer than they are wide

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21
Q

What do fusiform initials produce?

A

Axial (vertical) transport system cells

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22
Q

What are the Axial (vertical) transport system cells?

A
  • Sieve-tube elements, companion cells, sieve cells, albuminous cells, fibers
  • tracheids, vessels
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23
Q

What do ray initials produce?

A

Radial (lateral) transport system cells (vascular rays)

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24
Q

What alls are presentin ray initials?

A

Parenchyma cells

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25
What shape are ray initials?
Usually isodiametric
26
Where are ray initials located?
Extend from secondary Xylem to secondary phloem
27
Ray initials: what is the function of vascular rays?
Pathways for movement of food and water and are storage centers
28
What does the vascular cambium arise from?
Procambium
29
What does the fascicular cambium arise from?
Undifferentiated cells between the primary xylem and phloem
30
What does the interfascicular cambium arise from?
Parenchyma of interfascicular region
31
What does the production of secondary Xylem and phloem result in?
Formation of a cylinder of vascular tissue
32
What extends through the cylinder of vascular tissue?
Rays
33
Is more secondary Xylem or secondary phloem produced during development of secondary tissues?
Usually more secondary Xylem is produced
34
development of secondary tissues: what happens to primary phloem?
Pushed outward and destroyed
35
development of secondary tissues: what happens to phloem fibers?
They remain intact
36
The vascular cambium is __________ in temperate zones.
Seasonal
37
When is the vascular cambium active and inactive?
Active from spring to fall, inactive in winter
38
Activity of vascular cambium: describe the Xylem in spring.
Large diameter and thin walls
39
Activity of vascular cambium: describe the Xylem in summer.
Small diameter and thick walls
40
What does the pattern of vascular cambium activity produce?
Annual rings
41
What factors vary the width of individual growth rings?
Light, temperature, rainfall, length of growing season
42
Growth ring width a good indicator of what?
Rainfall - wide if lots of rain
43
How can the age of a tree be estimated?
By counting the growth rings at the oldest port of the trunk
44
What is dendrochronology?
Dating events and climatic changes by comparing growth rings
45
What kind of trees do not have annual rings?
Tropical trees
46
What is wood?
Secondary Xylem
47
What is heartwood?
Wood in the centre of the tree - no longer conducting
48
What is sapwood?
Wood at the periphery of the stem - actively conducting
49
Another name for hardwoods
Angiosperms
50
Another name for softwoods
Conifers
51
What do hardwoods contain?
Tracheids, vessels, fibers, parenchyma
52
Describe the rays of hardwoods
Larger
53
What do softwoods contain?
Tracheids, parenchyma, may have resin ducts
54
Where is bark?
All tissue outside the vascular cambium
55
What does inner bark include?
Secondary phloem
56
Where is inner bark?
Inside the innermost cork cambium
57
Inner bark contains ______ tissues
Living
58
What is inner barks function?
Conducts food
59
What does outer bark include?
Periderm
60
Where is outer bark?
Outside the innermost cork cambium
61
Outer bark contains ______ tissues
Dead
62
What is outer barks function?
Provides protection
63
What is the periderm?
Dermal tissue of the secondary plant body
64
What does the periderm replace?
The epidermis
65
Why is the periderm needed?
The increase in diameter of the stem causes the epidermis to crack and split open
66
What is cork produced by?
Cork cambium
67
What happens to cork as the stem diameter increases?
Increases in diameter
68
1 year old stem: what happens to cortex cells under the epidermis?
Become meristematic- produces cork cambium
69
1 year old stem: cork cambium produces what to the outside and inside?
Outside - cork cells Inside - phelloderm
70
Describe cork cells
Flattened and have waxy suberin in cell walls
71
What is cork cell function?
Seal stem against water loss, insects, bacteria, and fungi
72
At the end of one year, the stem contains:
- Remnants of epidermis - periderm - cortex - primary phloem - secondary phloem - vascular cambium - secondary Xylem - primary xylem - pith
73
Stems 3-4 years: a new ___________ forms because the old one dies
Cork cambium
74
Stems 3-4 years: where does the new cork cambium form?
Outer region of the still living phloem
75
Stems 3-4 years: what happens to old secondary phloem?
Gets separated from the rest of the phloem by the new periderm and is sloughed off
76
What can damage the vascular cambium? What can the damage lead to?
A porcupine girdling a tree breaks the outer bark and they eat the phloem. This can lead to death of the tree
77
What are the external features of woody twigs?
Buds, stem buds, bud scales, bud scale scars, leaf scars
78
Describe buds
Small swellings or bumps on the stem around a node
79
What tissue do buds contain? What will they develop into?
Meristematic tissue that will develop into a stem, leaf, or flower
80
Stem buds are apical (terminal) if?
They are at the top or end of a stem
81
Stem buds are lateral (axillary) if?
If in a leaf axil
82
What are bud scales?
Modified leaves that cover the buds during winter dormancy
83
How do bud scale scars occur?
When the bud breaks dormancy in the spring and the scale falls off.
84
What can bud scale scars determine?
The age of a twig
85
What can you see at the locations where leaves were attached?
Leaf scars
86
Most monocots __________ secondary growth
Do not have
87
Monocot: Some palms undergo secondary growth called?
Diffuse secondary growth
88
Monocot: what do parenchyma cells of ground tissue do?
Continue to divide and expand for a long time. Also an increase in size of intercellular spaces

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