Lecture 11 - Algae Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Cyanobacteria is a ____________ bacteria
A
Photosynthetic
2
Q
What is Cyanobacteria important for in the environment?
A
Global carbon and nitrogen cycles
3
Q
What is responsible for Cyanobacterias colour?
A
Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycobilins
4
Q
Cyanobacteria: what are phycobilins?
A
Accessory pigments
5
Q
Where does photosynthesis occur in Cyanobacteria?
A
In chlorophyll-containing membranes
6
Q
What does Cyanobacteria not have?
A
No Chloroplasts
7
Q
Cyanobacteria: what type of envelope do many produce?
A
Mucilaginous envelope
8
Q
Cyanobacteria: what does the mucilaginous envelope do?
A
Binds groups of cells together
9
Q
Cyanobacteria: describe the filaments they form
A
Often form filaments, may grow in large masses
10
Q
Cyanobacteria: __________cellular
A
Unicellular
11
Q
How do Cyanobacteria reproduce?
A
Asexually
12
Q
Cyanobacteria: filamentous Cyanobacteria break into fragments called?
A
Hormogonia
13
Q
What environments do Cyanobacteria live in?
A
Wide range of environments
14
Q
Cyanobacteria: what regulates buoyancy?
A
Gas vesicles
15
Q
Cyanobacteria: buoyancy regulating gas vesicles sometimes form masses called?
A
Blooms
16
Q
Cyanobacteria: where do they fix nitrogen?
A
Within heterocysts
17
Q
Cyanobacteria: what are heterocysts?
A
Specialized enlarged cells that have thickened cell walls
18
Q
Cyanobacteria: how is nitrogen in heterocysts transported?
A
Have connections to other cells for nitrogen fixation products to be transported
19
Q
Green algae: phylum?
A
Phylum chlorophyta
20
Q
Green algae: domain?
A
Domain Eukarya
21
Q
Green algae: kingdom?
A
Kingdom protista
22
Q
Green algae: are they photosynthetic?
A
Yes
23
Q
Green algae: what colours them? Do they have chloroplasts
A
Chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids
Yes, chloroplasts present
24
Q
Green algae: what is stored as carbohydrate food reserve?
A
Starch
25
Green algae: unicellular or filamentous?
Can be either
26
Green algae: do they have flagella?
May have flagella
27
Green algae: what is their habitat?
Freshwater or marine
28
Green algae: plays an ecological role in water habitats similar to the role of?
Plants in land habitats
29
Green algae: where are other odd places they can grow?
Snow, tree trunks, in symbiotic associations with lichens, in soil, in desert microbiotic crusts
30
3 characteristics green algae share with plants:
1. Contain chlorophylls a and b
2. Store starch as food reserve inside plastids
3. Some green algae have firm cell walls with cellulose, hemicenulose and pectin, like plants
31
Class chlorophyceae are mainly _________ species
Freshwater
32
Class chlorophyceae: flagelation species type?
Both flagellated and non-flagellated species
33
Class chlorophyceae: are __________ cellular
Unicellular, filamentous, colonial
34
Class chlorophyceae: what is order volvocales evolutionary sequence?
Simple to complex
35
Order volvocales - chlamydomonas: 3 terms which describe the evolutionary stage
Motile, unicellular, 2 flagella
36
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas is a model system for molecular studies of?
Genes regulating photosynthesis
37
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: do they have chloroplasts?
Single chloroplast
38
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what is inside the chloroplast for starch storage?
Pyrenoid
39
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what is missing in its cell wall?
Cellulose
40
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what structure collects excess water and discharge it from the call?
Contractile vacuoles
41
Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: how does it reproduce?
Sexually and asexually
42
Order volvocales - colonial: describe the cell
Simple to complex, motile
43
Order volvocales - colonial: describe gonium (simplest)
4 or 16 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope
44
Order volvocales - colonial: gonium shape is?
Flat
45
Order volvocales - colonial: describe Pandorina (intermediate)
8-16 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope
46
Order volvocales - colonial: what is pandorinas shape?
Solid ball
47
Order volvocales - colonial: describe Eudorina (advanced)
16-64 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope
48
Order volvocales - colonial: describe Eudorinas shape
Hollow ball
49
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: this is the most complex. How many cells are there?
Can be 500-60,000 cells
50
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: describe cell type and shape
Motile hollow sphere
51
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: has mostly vegetative cells for? And few specialized cells for?
Photosynthesis, reproductive
52
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: what cells can form juvenile spheres? How?
Reproductive cells, by mitosis
53
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: when mature, juveniles release an enzyme that does what?
Dissolves the gelatinous matrix of the parent
54
Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: how else can they reproduce?
Sexual reproduction - oogamous
55
Oedogonium is a member of which class?
Class chlorophyceae
56
Describe Oedogonium cell
Unbranched, filamentous
57
How are Oedogonium attached to underwater substrates?
By a holdfast
58
Oedogonium massive growths can form what?
Floating blooms in lakes
59
Which class are the closest living green algae relatives of the first plants?
Class charophyceae
60
Class charophyceae similarities to first plants (5)
1. Contain chlorophyll a and b
2. Store starch in plastids
3. Flagella structure in sperm
4. Characteristics of cell division
5. Presence of flavonoids
61
Spirogyra is a member of which class?
Class charophyceae
62
Describe Spirogyra cell
Unbranched, filamentous
63
What masses do Spirogyra form in freshwater?
Slimy floating masses
64
What is the arrangement of chloroplasts in Spirogyra?
Helical arrangement
65
Spirogyra: how many pyrenoids?
Numerous pyrenoids
66
How do Spirogyra reproduce?
Asexually and sexually
67
How does Spirogyra reproduce asexually?
By fragmentation
68
How does Spirogyra reproduce sexually?
By conjugation
69
Spirogyra - sexual reproduction: zygote is surrounded by?
Thick walls containing sporopollenin - zygospore
70
How many species does order coleochaetales have?
20 species
71
Describe order coleochaetales cell type and growth?
Branched filamentous and discoid growth
72
Coleochaete and some hornworts have similar what?
Chloroplasts and pyrenoids
73
How does order coleochaetales reproduce?
Asexually and sexually (oogamy)
74
How many species does order Charales have?
81 - 400 living species
75
What habitat is order Charales mostly found in?
Mostly freshwater
76
What type of growth does order Charales exhibit?
Apical growth
77
How is the thallus differentiated in order Charales?
Into nodal and internodal regions
78
What does order Charales tissue organization resemble?
Parenchyma
79
order Charales has a pattern of ______________ connections that resembles plants
Plasmodesmatal
80
order Charales has how many chloroplasts per cell?
Numerous chloroplasts
81
order Charales whorls of branches arise from _________?
Nodes
82
What is order Charales sexual reproduction?
Oogamous
83
order Charales - what does oogamous mean?
One gamete (egg) is larger and non-motile
84
order Charales eggs are retained and encased in what?
Oogonium
85
order Charales sperm are _______ and resemble what?
Flagellated, bryophytes
86
Where are order Charales sperm produced?
In multicellular antheridia
87
What does order Charales have in the tough walls surrounding zygotes?
Sporopollenin
88
Name some possible applications of algae in biotechnology
Biofuels, food, animal feed, fertilizer, nutritional supplements, vaccines, cosmetics
89
Why should we use algae?
Replicate rapidly, produce biomass, oils, proteins, alcohols, starches, can grow in open or closed systems, many species can be genetically engineered, growth is scalable, renewable resource, can grow on non-arable land, recycle atmospheric carbon
90
What are the challenges of algae use in biotechnology?
Needs to be manipulated to increase productivity, scale-up, cost, open systems are sensitive to the environment, regulations
91
Algae can be a replacement for what fuel?
Fossil fuels
92
What does algae provide for biofuels?
Provides Renewable raw material
93
What dues algae cultivation require or not require?
Does not require agricultural land
94
Algae biomass production can be how many times greater than land bused agriculture?
5-10 times greater
95
Name 3 ways to produce biofuels from algae
1. Fermentation of biomass
2. Industrial growth for oil extraction
3. Biomass burned as a fuel source
96
What is algal turf scrubbers?
System for mass producing algae
97
Explain the algal turf scrubbers process
Algal grows in shallow basin with wastewater, algae produces oxygen b removes nutrients from wastewater, algae harvested
