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BOTANY > Lecture 11 - Algae > Flashcards

Lecture 11 - Algae Flashcards

1
Q

Cyanobacteria is a ____________ bacteria

A

Photosynthetic

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2
Q

What is Cyanobacteria important for in the environment?

A

Global carbon and nitrogen cycles

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3
Q

What is responsible for Cyanobacterias colour?

A

Chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and phycobilins

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4
Q

Cyanobacteria: what are phycobilins?

A

Accessory pigments

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5
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in Cyanobacteria?

A

In chlorophyll-containing membranes

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6
Q

What does Cyanobacteria not have?

A

No Chloroplasts

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7
Q

Cyanobacteria: what type of envelope do many produce?

A

Mucilaginous envelope

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8
Q

Cyanobacteria: what does the mucilaginous envelope do?

A

Binds groups of cells together

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9
Q

Cyanobacteria: describe the filaments they form

A

Often form filaments, may grow in large masses

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10
Q

Cyanobacteria: __________cellular

A

Unicellular

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11
Q

How do Cyanobacteria reproduce?

A

Asexually

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12
Q

Cyanobacteria: filamentous Cyanobacteria break into fragments called?

A

Hormogonia

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13
Q

What environments do Cyanobacteria live in?

A

Wide range of environments

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14
Q

Cyanobacteria: what regulates buoyancy?

A

Gas vesicles

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15
Q

Cyanobacteria: buoyancy regulating gas vesicles sometimes form masses called?

A

Blooms

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16
Q

Cyanobacteria: where do they fix nitrogen?

A

Within heterocysts

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17
Q

Cyanobacteria: what are heterocysts?

A

Specialized enlarged cells that have thickened cell walls

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18
Q

Cyanobacteria: how is nitrogen in heterocysts transported?

A

Have connections to other cells for nitrogen fixation products to be transported

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19
Q

Green algae: phylum?

A

Phylum chlorophyta

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20
Q

Green algae: domain?

A

Domain Eukarya

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21
Q

Green algae: kingdom?

A

Kingdom protista

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22
Q

Green algae: are they photosynthetic?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Green algae: what colours them? Do they have chloroplasts

A

Chlorophylls a and b, carotenoids

Yes, chloroplasts present

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24
Q

Green algae: what is stored as carbohydrate food reserve?

A

Starch

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25
Q

Green algae: unicellular or filamentous?

A

Can be either

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26
Q

Green algae: do they have flagella?

A

May have flagella

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27
Q

Green algae: what is their habitat?

A

Freshwater or marine

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28
Q

Green algae: plays an ecological role in water habitats similar to the role of?

A

Plants in land habitats

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29
Q

Green algae: where are other odd places they can grow?

A

Snow, tree trunks, in symbiotic associations with lichens, in soil, in desert microbiotic crusts

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30
Q

3 characteristics green algae share with plants:

A
  1. Contain chlorophylls a and b
  2. Store starch as food reserve inside plastids
  3. Some green algae have firm cell walls with cellulose, hemicenulose and pectin, like plants
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31
Q

Class chlorophyceae are mainly _________ species

A

Freshwater

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32
Q

Class chlorophyceae: flagelation species type?

A

Both flagellated and non-flagellated species

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33
Q

Class chlorophyceae: are __________ cellular

A

Unicellular, filamentous, colonial

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34
Q

Class chlorophyceae: what is order volvocales evolutionary sequence?

A

Simple to complex

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35
Q

Order volvocales - chlamydomonas: 3 terms which describe the evolutionary stage

A

Motile, unicellular, 2 flagella

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36
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas is a model system for molecular studies of?

A

Genes regulating photosynthesis

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37
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: do they have chloroplasts?

A

Single chloroplast

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38
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what is inside the chloroplast for starch storage?

A

Pyrenoid

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39
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what is missing in its cell wall?

A

Cellulose

40
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: what structure collects excess water and discharge it from the call?

A

Contractile vacuoles

41
Q

Order volvocales -
chlamydomonas: how does it reproduce?

A

Sexually and asexually

42
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: describe the cell

A

Simple to complex, motile

43
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: describe gonium (simplest)

A

4 or 16 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope

44
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: gonium shape is?

A

Flat

45
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: describe Pandorina (intermediate)

A

8-16 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope

46
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: what is pandorinas shape?

A

Solid ball

47
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: describe Eudorina (advanced)

A

16-64 cells surrounded by gelatinous envelope

48
Q

Order volvocales - colonial: describe Eudorinas shape

A

Hollow ball

49
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: this is the most complex. How many cells are there?

A

Can be 500-60,000 cells

50
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: describe cell type and shape

A

Motile hollow sphere

51
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: has mostly vegetative cells for? And few specialized cells for?

A

Photosynthesis, reproductive

52
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: what cells can form juvenile spheres? How?

A

Reproductive cells, by mitosis

53
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: when mature, juveniles release an enzyme that does what?

A

Dissolves the gelatinous matrix of the parent

54
Q

Order volvocales - colonial - volvox: how else can they reproduce?

A

Sexual reproduction - oogamous

55
Q

Oedogonium is a member of which class?

A

Class chlorophyceae

56
Q

Describe Oedogonium cell

A

Unbranched, filamentous

57
Q

How are Oedogonium attached to underwater substrates?

A

By a holdfast

58
Q

Oedogonium massive growths can form what?

A

Floating blooms in lakes

59
Q

Which class are the closest living green algae relatives of the first plants?

A

Class charophyceae

60
Q

Class charophyceae similarities to first plants (5)

A
  1. Contain chlorophyll a and b
  2. Store starch in plastids
  3. Flagella structure in sperm
  4. Characteristics of cell division
  5. Presence of flavonoids
61
Q

Spirogyra is a member of which class?

A

Class charophyceae

62
Q

Describe Spirogyra cell

A

Unbranched, filamentous

63
Q

What masses do Spirogyra form in freshwater?

A

Slimy floating masses

64
Q

What is the arrangement of chloroplasts in Spirogyra?

A

Helical arrangement

65
Q

Spirogyra: how many pyrenoids?

A

Numerous pyrenoids

66
Q

How do Spirogyra reproduce?

A

Asexually and sexually

67
Q

How does Spirogyra reproduce asexually?

A

By fragmentation

68
Q

How does Spirogyra reproduce sexually?

A

By conjugation

69
Q

Spirogyra - sexual reproduction: zygote is surrounded by?

A

Thick walls containing sporopollenin - zygospore

70
Q

How many species does order coleochaetales have?

A

20 species

71
Q

Describe order coleochaetales cell type and growth?

A

Branched filamentous and discoid growth

72
Q

Coleochaete and some hornworts have similar what?

A

Chloroplasts and pyrenoids

73
Q

How does order coleochaetales reproduce?

A

Asexually and sexually (oogamy)

74
Q

How many species does order Charales have?

A

81 - 400 living species

75
Q

What habitat is order Charales mostly found in?

A

Mostly freshwater

76
Q

What type of growth does order Charales exhibit?

A

Apical growth

77
Q

How is the thallus differentiated in order Charales?

A

Into nodal and internodal regions

78
Q

What does order Charales tissue organization resemble?

A

Parenchyma

79
Q

order Charales has a pattern of ______________ connections that resembles plants

A

Plasmodesmatal

80
Q

order Charales has how many chloroplasts per cell?

A

Numerous chloroplasts

81
Q

order Charales whorls of branches arise from _________?

A

Nodes

82
Q

What is order Charales sexual reproduction?

A

Oogamous

83
Q

order Charales - what does oogamous mean?

A

One gamete (egg) is larger and non-motile

84
Q

order Charales eggs are retained and encased in what?

A

Oogonium

85
Q

order Charales sperm are _______ and resemble what?

A

Flagellated, bryophytes

86
Q

Where are order Charales sperm produced?

A

In multicellular antheridia

87
Q

What does order Charales have in the tough walls surrounding zygotes?

A

Sporopollenin

88
Q

Name some possible applications of algae in biotechnology

A

Biofuels, food, animal feed, fertilizer, nutritional supplements, vaccines, cosmetics

89
Q

Why should we use algae?

A

Replicate rapidly, produce biomass, oils, proteins, alcohols, starches, can grow in open or closed systems, many species can be genetically engineered, growth is scalable, renewable resource, can grow on non-arable land, recycle atmospheric carbon

90
Q

What are the challenges of algae use in biotechnology?

A

Needs to be manipulated to increase productivity, scale-up, cost, open systems are sensitive to the environment, regulations

91
Q

Algae can be a replacement for what fuel?

A

Fossil fuels

92
Q

What does algae provide for biofuels?

A

Provides Renewable raw material

93
Q

What dues algae cultivation require or not require?

A

Does not require agricultural land

94
Q

Algae biomass production can be how many times greater than land bused agriculture?

A

5-10 times greater

95
Q

Name 3 ways to produce biofuels from algae

A
  1. Fermentation of biomass
  2. Industrial growth for oil extraction
  3. Biomass burned as a fuel source
96
Q

What is algal turf scrubbers?

A

System for mass producing algae

97
Q

Explain the algal turf scrubbers process

A

Algal grows in shallow basin with wastewater, algae produces oxygen b removes nutrients from wastewater, algae harvested

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