Lecture 9 - The Flower And Reproduction Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Reproductive parts of angiosperms
A
Flowers
2
Q
What are flowers responsible for?
A
Production of gametes
3
Q
Fusion of the male and female gametes produces:
A
Zygote
4
Q
Zygote develops into:
A
Embryo within the seed
5
Q
Consist of sterile and fertile parts
A
Flowers
6
Q
What is an inflorescence
A
An aggregate of flowers
7
Q
What is a peduncle?
A
The lower stalk of an inflorescence or a single flower
8
Q
What is a pedicel?
A
The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence.
9
Q
What is a receptacle?
A
The part of the flower stalk to which the flower parts are attached
10
Q
How many whorls does a flower have?
A
Four
11
Q
What do sepals on the outside form?
A
Collectively form the calyx
12
Q
Petals inside the sepals collectively form?
A
Collectively form the Corolla
13
Q
What are stamens enclosed by?
A
The corolla
14
Q
What is in the center of the flower?
A
Carpels
15
Q
What is the outermost whorl?
A
Calyx
16
Q
Calyx consists of sepals? True of false
A
True
17
Q
Describe the appearance of a calyx
A
Green and leaf-like
18
Q
Sepals of the calyx are free or fused
A
Both
19
Q
What are the functions of the calyx?
A
Encloses and protects the inner whorls
Synthesizes food
20
Q
What is found inside the calyx?
A
Corolla
21
Q
Describe the appearance of the corolla
A
White or brightly coloured
22
Q
What is the Corolla made of?
A
Made of Petals
23
Q
Petals may be separate or fused. True or false?
A
True
24
Q
What are the functions of the corolla?
A
Enclose and protect stamens and carpel
Attract pollinators
25
Forms the third whorl and is inside the Corolla.
Stamen
26
What are the stamen parts?
Filament, anther
27
Describe the filament
Slender, flexible, supports anther
28
Describe the anther
Male reproductive organ
29
Collectively, stamens are called what?
The androecium
30
What is the anthers function?
Produces pollen grains which contain the male reproductive cells
31
What is the function of the filament?
Holds anther in the best position for pollen transfer
32
Where are carpels?
Innermost whorl of the flower
33
What is the carpel?
Female reproductive organ
34
What does the carpel consist of?
Ovary, style, stigma, gynoecium
35
Describe the ovary
Basal swollen portion
36
What does the style arise from?
The ovary
37
Where is the stigma?
At tip of style
38
What is the gynoecium?
Carpels collectively are called the gynoecium
39
What does the ovary contain?
The ovules
40
What does each ovule contain?
An egg cell
41
What is the style function?
Holds the stigma in best position for receiving pollen
42
What is stigma function?
Receives or traps pollen grains
43
What is the pistil?
When 2 or more carpels fuse
44
Where does fusion of the carpels occur?
Anywhere along the carpels
45
What is the locule?
The cavity in the ovary
46
In a pistil, what does the number of locals indicate?
The number of carpels that have fused to form the pistil
47
What are perfect flowers?
Have both stamens and pistils - are bisexual
48
What are imperfect flowers?
Have only stamens or have only pistils - are unisexual
49
If the androecium is absent, the flower is called?
Pistillate
50
If gynoecium is absent, the flower is called?
Staminate
51
What plant type have both staminate and pistillate flowers on the same individual?
Monoecious plants
52
What plant type has imperfect flowers on different individuals?
Dioecious plants
53
Are monoecious or dioecious plants unisexual?
Dioecious
54
What are complete flowers?
Have all four floral whorls
55
What are incomplete flowers?
Flowers missing any whorls
56
What is connation?
Fusion of parts within the same whorl
57
What is adnation?
Fusion of flower parts with members of other whorls
58
What is an example of adnation?
Fusion of stamens and Corolla
59
What is a hypanthium?
Fusion of sepals, petals, and stamens
60
What shape is a flower if it has radial symmetry?
Round
61
What type of symmetry is whorls are made up of members of similar shape and radiate from the under of the flower?
Radial symmetry
62
What type of symmetry divides down the middle leaving equal left and right halves?
Bilateral symmetry
63
What reproductive structure is the androecium?
Male reproductive structures
64
What does each stamen consist of?
An anther and a filament
65
Each anther contains four microsporangia called what?
Pollen sacs
66
What is the anther composed of?
Connective tissue, septum, dehiscent cells, tapetum
67
anther: what is the function of the connective tissue?
Holds pollen sacs together
68
anther: what is the function of the septum?
Thin cell layer that divide the microsporangia on the same half of the anther
69
The septum breaks down during:
Maturation
70
anther: what is the deniscent cells?
Cells along the side of the anther that dry out and split so the pollen can escape
71
anther: what is the tapetum?
Lines the pollen sacs
72
What are the 2 purposes of the tapetum?
Provides nutrients for pollen mother cells (microsporocytes) so they can develop into microspores
Remnants of it coat pollen grains
73
Another name for pollen mother cells
Microsporocytes
74
What is derived from tapetum coating?
Sporopollenin
75
What is microsporogenesis the formation of?
Microspores
76
What is the site of microsporogenesis
Anther
77
What does microsporogenesis occur in?
In microsporangia (pollen sacs)
78
microsporocytes (diploid) undergo meiosis to form what?
A set of four haploid microspores
79
What is microgametogenesis?
Development of the microgametophyte
80
microgametogenesis occurs after what?
The tetrad of microspores has been formed
81
microgametogenesis: pollen grain develops a resistant outer wall called ________ and an innerwall called _________?
Exine, intine
82
Microspore divides by _________ to produce which a cells?
Mitosis
Tube cell, generative cell
83
Example of an immature microgametophyte
Two-celled pollen grain
84
What kind of reproductive parts does the gynoecium have?
Female reproductive parts
85
what is the most exposed part of the gynoecium?
Stigma
86
Gynoecium: where does pollen land?
Stigma
87
Gynoecium: where does pollination occur?
Stigma
88
Gynoecium: the style varies in:
Length
89
Gynoecium: what connects the stigma to ovary?
Style
90
Gynoecium: a pathway where the pollen tube grows
Style
91
Gynoecium: The ovary contains?
Ovules
92
3 different ovary positions
Hypogynous, epigynous, perigynous
93
Hypogynous
Sepals, petals, stamens below ovary - no fusion
94
Epigynous
Sepals, petals, stamens above ovary
95
Perigynous
Ovary is within a hypanthium
96
Each ____________ is a potential seed
Ovule
97
What is the site of fertilization?
Ovule
98
Where do ovules originate from and where are they attached to?
Originate from and are attached to the ovary at the placenta
99
Ovules: 3 different placentation arrangements
Parietal, axis, free central
100
Ovule: parietal
Ovules borne on ovary wall
101
Ovule: axile
Ovules borne on central column, partitioned into locules
102
Ovule: free central
Ovules borne on central column not connected to ovary roof
103
A mature ovule contains? (6)
Funiculus, nucellus (megasporangium), integuments, micropyle, chalaza end, embryo sac
104
What is the funiculus?
Stalk that attaches the ovule to the placenta
105
What is the nucellus (megasporangium)?
Inner layer of cells where the embryo sac develops
106
What is the integuments? What does it develop into?
Layer of tissue enclosing the nucellus
Develops into seed coat
107
What is the micropyle? What does this passage allow for?
Small opening formed by the ends of the integuments
Passage where pollen tube grows
108
What is the chalazal end?
Funiculus unites with nucellus and integuments
109
Where is the chalazal end?
Opposite end from the micropyle
110
What is the embryo sac? What does it have potential for?
Mature megagametophyte
Potential seed
111
What is megasporogenesis?
Formation of the megaspore within the nucellus
112
Where does megasporogenesis take place?
Inside the ovule
113
megasporogenesis: single megasporocyte arises where?
In the nucellus
114
megasporogenesis: diploid megasporocyte divides by ________ to form_____________?
Meiosis, four haploid megaspores
115
megasporogenesis: usually ________ megaspores disintegrate
Three of the four
116
megasporogenesis: megaspore closest to the __________ survives
Chalazal end
117
What is megagametogenesis?
Development of the surviving megaspore into the embryo sac (megagametophyte)
118
megagametogenesis: megaspore divides by ___________ how many times?
Mitosis, three times
119
What does megagametogenesis result in?
A seven-celled, eight-nucleate embryo sac
120
megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, where are the three antipodals?
At the chalazal end of the embryo sac
121
megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, where is the egg apparatus and what does it include?
Egg apparatus at the micropylar end
Includes an egg cell and two synergids
122
megagametogenesis: in the embryo sac, what is in the Center?
Two polar nuclei
123
When pollen grains leave the pollen sac where do they land?
On a receptive pistil
124
What is self pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther to stigma of the same flower
125
What is cross pollination?
Transfer of pollen from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another
126
What happens when pollen lands on a stigma?
It takes up water
127
What does a pollen grain form when it germinates?
A pollen tube
128
What does the pollen tube contain?
A tube nucleus and two sperm cells
129
The pollen tube grows to the embryo sac through what?
The style
130
The pollen tube enters the ovule through the __________ and penetrates what?
Micropyle, penetrates a synergid
131
What is released after the pollen tube penetrates a synergid?
Sperm cells and tube nucleus are released
132
What occurs after sperm cells and tube nucleus are released?
Double fertilization
133
What does one sperm cell uniting with the egg cell result in?
A diploid zygote
134
What does the other sperm cell fuse with?
Polar nuclei
135
What does the other sperm cell fusing with the polar nuclei result in?
A triploid primary endosperm nucleus
136
The triploid primary endosperm nucleus divides to form what?
The endosperm
137
What does the endosperm supply for the embryo?
Food
138
Pollen dispersal mechanisms
Insects, wind
139
Pollen dispersal: bees
Explain what bees recognize and their flowers
Recognize colours, odours, outlines
Bee flowers have brightly coloured petals
140
Pollen dispersal: butterflies
Explain their flowers and location of nectar
Flowers are bright and have landing platforms
Nectar at base of long slender tube
141
Pollen dispersal: moths
Explain colour, scent, and nectar location
Flowers are white or pale and have a strong sweet scent emitted at night
Nectar at the base of long slender tube
142
Pollen dispersal: beetles, flies
What do they depend on?
Floral odour
143
Pollen dispersal: birds
Explain nectar, scent, and their flowers
Lots of nectar, little scent
Flowers are colourful
144
Pollen dispersal: bats
Explain nectar, flowers, and odour
Lots of nectar
Flowers are dull coloured and only open at night
Strong scent
145
Pollen dispersal: wind
Explain pollen, nectar, colour, scent, and flowers
Passive- large amounts of pollen
No nectar produced, dull colours, no scent
Petals small or absent
