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BOTANY > Lecture 8 - Root Structure And Development > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Root Structure And Development Flashcards

1
Q

The first structure to emerge from germinating seed.

A

Primary root

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2
Q

Root functions

A

Anchorage, absorption, storage, hormone production, secondary metabolite production

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3
Q

Anchorage

A

Holds plant in position and stabilizes it

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4
Q

Absorption

A

Water, minerals, gas exchange

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5
Q

Storage

A

Food from photosynthesizing parts moves through phloem to root

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6
Q

Food is used by the root but also:

A

Digested and transported back aboveground

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7
Q

Storage: Some roots are specialized for:

A

Overwinter storage

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8
Q

What hormones are produced?

A

Cytokinins and gibberellins

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9
Q

What do hormones do?

A

Stimulate growth and development

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10
Q

Where are hormones made and where are they transported?

A

Made in meristematic regions of root and transported upward in xylem

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11
Q

Secondary metabolite production example

A

Nicotine in tobacco

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12
Q

What is the rhizosphere?

A

Layer of soil bound to the root by mucigel and root hairs

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13
Q

What does the rhizosphere contain?

A

Micro-organisms and sloughed off rootcap cells

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14
Q

Rhizosphere: what is mycorrhizae?

A

Mutually beneficial symbiotic associations between fungi and plant roots

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15
Q

Plant benefit

A

Increased ability to get water and elements, protection

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16
Q

Fungus benefit

A

Carbohydrates and vitamins

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17
Q

Types of root systems

A
  • Tap root
  • fibrous root
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18
Q

Tap roots are most common in?

A

Dicots

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19
Q

What is the main component of taproots?

A

Primary root

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20
Q

Lateral roots are common in what?

A

Tap roots and fibrous roots

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21
Q

Fibrous roots are common in what?

A

Monocots

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22
Q

No one root is prominent

A

Fibrous roots

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23
Q

Describe the primary root of fibrous roots

A

Short and short-lived

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24
Q

Root design is dependent on:

A

Moisture, temperature, soil composition

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25
Q

What do feeder roots do?

A

Most of the absorption

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26
Q

Where are feeder roots located?

A

Upper soil layers

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27
Q

Growth of roots is continuous unless:

A

Adverse conditions

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28
Q

Balance between surface area for photosynthesis and absorption of water and minerals is balance between:

A

The root and shoot

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29
Q

Damage to the root will cause:

A

Damage to the shoot (and vice versa)

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30
Q

What does lack of water cause?

A

Root-produced hormones that slow down shoot growth

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31
Q

What does reduced shoot growth cause?

A

Decreases available carbohydrates so root growth is limited.

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32
Q

What is the root apex made of?

A

Root apical meristem and rootcap

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33
Q

What is the rootcaps function?

A

Protection

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34
Q

Rootcap: cells produce a slimy polysaccharide called?

A

Mucigel

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35
Q

Mucigel function

A

Lubrication

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36
Q

What happens to sloughed off cells of the rootcap?

A

Replaced by new ones from the root apical meristem

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37
Q

root apical meristem is subterminal, meaning its

A

Under the root cap

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38
Q

In the root apical meristem, files of cells (initials) divide, but do not

A

Differentiate

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39
Q

root apical meristem: quiescent Center

A

Contains initials that are inactive and will replace injured regions

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40
Q

Zones of root growth

A

root apical meristem, region of elongation, region of maturation

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41
Q

root apical meristem is the region of:

A

Cell division

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42
Q

Region of elongation is the region of

A

Cell expansion

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43
Q

In the Region of elongation, root growth is towards:

A

The tip

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44
Q

The Region of elongation increases:

A

Root length

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45
Q

Region of maturation is the region of:

A

Cell differentiation

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46
Q

Root hairs are present in which growth zone?

A

Region of maturation

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47
Q

What are trichoblasts?

A
  • Root hairs
  • unicellular extensions of epidermal cells
48
Q

What zone do root hairs form?

A

Absorption zone

49
Q

Describe the life span of root hairs

A

Short-lived and replaced by new ones

50
Q

Cuticle is _________ in root hairs

A

Absent

51
Q

Primary meristems formed by the root apical meristem

A

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

52
Q

What does the protoderm form?

A

Dermal tissues - epidermis, root hairs

53
Q

What does the ground meristem form?

A

Ground tissue - cortex

54
Q

What does the procambium form?

A

Vascular cylinder: primary vascular tissues, pericycle

55
Q

What makes up most of the root?

A

The Cortex

56
Q

Cortex is made of mostly:

A

Parenchyma

57
Q

What are plastids (of the cortex) role?

A

Store starch

58
Q

Cortex contains numerous:

A

Intercellular spaces

59
Q

Intercellular spaces allow for:

A

Free flow of material through the symplast

60
Q

In some plants, what is the outermost layer of the cortex?

A

Exodermis

61
Q

What is the location of the endodermis?

A

Innermost layer of cortex

62
Q

Describe the endodermis

A

Compact, lacks air spaces

63
Q

Has a casparian strip

A

Endodermis

64
Q

What does the casparian strip contain?

A

Suberin or lignin in anticlinal walls

65
Q

casparian strip function

A

Apoplastic barrier

66
Q

casparian strip: How do substances enter and leave the vascular cylinder? What does this allow for?

A

Through protoplasts. Allows for selectivity

67
Q

What forms the stele?

A

Xylem and phloem

68
Q

Stele does not include

A

Secondary vascular tissue

69
Q

Outermost layer of stele and its location

A

Pericycle, below endodermis

70
Q

Simplest and most primitive type of stele

A

Protostele

71
Q

Describe the core of a protostele

A

Solid Xylem core, ridge like projections
- phloem surrounds Xylem
- no pith

72
Q

What kind of roots have protostele?

A

Dicot roots

73
Q

Xylem and phloem form concentric cylinders around a central pith

A

Siphonostele

74
Q

Where is phloem located in Siphonostele?

A

Outer surface of Xylem only or on both inner and outer surface of xylem

75
Q

What kind of roots have Siphonostele?

A

Monocot roots

76
Q

How many cell layers does the pericycle have?

A

Single cell layer

77
Q

Outermost layer of stele

A

Pericycle

78
Q

What is the pericycle made of?

A

Parenchyma cells

79
Q

Region where lateral roots begin

A

Pericycle

80
Q

In roots that undergo secondary growth, what does the pericycle form?

A

Vascular cambium and cork cambium

81
Q

Lateral roots are referred to as:

A

Secondary roots

82
Q

How do lateral roots arise?

A

From pericycle by periclinal cell divisions

83
Q

Several lateral roots initiate:

A

Simultaneously

84
Q

Have their own root cap, root apical meristem, and absorption zone

A

Lateral roots

85
Q

Lateral roots can produce:

A

New lateral roots

86
Q

Secondary growth increases:

A

Width of root

87
Q

What plant type is secondary growth common in?

A

Woody plants

88
Q

Secondary growth is produced by:

A

Lateral meristems

89
Q

Secondary growth: vascular cambium produces:

A

Secondary xylem (inside) and secondary phloem (outside)

90
Q

What is the vascular cambium initiated from?

A

Procombial cells between primary phloem and primary Xylem

91
Q

Also contributes to vascular cambium

A

Pericycle

92
Q

Where are rays produced?

A

In the secondary xylem and secondary phloem

93
Q

Secondary growth: cork cambium initiates from:

A

Pericycle

94
Q

Cork is produced towards:

A

Outer surface

95
Q

Phelloderm produced toward

A

Inner surface

96
Q

What does the periderm consist of?

A

Phelloderm, cork cambium, and cork

97
Q

Lenticels allow

A

Gas exchange

98
Q

Secondary growth: At the end of first years growth, these tissues are present in a woody dicot root

A
  • Remnants of epidermis
  • remnants of cortex
  • periderm
  • pericycle
  • primary phloem fibers and crushed phloem cells
  • secondary phloem
  • vascular cambium
  • secondary xylem
  • primary Xylem
99
Q

Modified root types

A

Aerial, stilt, epiphytes, pneumatophores, fleshy

100
Q

How are aerial roots produced?

A

From aboveground structures

101
Q

Some aerial roots are prop roots that function in? What is their function after making contact with soil?

A

Supporting the plant. Then, Absorption

102
Q

Stilt roots seen in tropical trees provide

A

Support

103
Q

Some aerial roots cling to surfaces to provide:

A

Climbing support

104
Q

Non-parasitic plants that grow on other plants

A

Epiphytes

105
Q

Epiphytes: Root epidermis is:

A

Several layers thick

106
Q

Epiphytes: root Epidermis function

A

Protection, may function in water absorption

107
Q

Air roots

A

Pneumatophores

108
Q

Pneumatophores allow plants to grow where?

A

Swampy habitats

109
Q

Pneumatophores contain

A

Large air-filled cavities, may have lenticels

110
Q

Grow upward against gravity

A

Pneumatophores

111
Q

Fleshy roots are specialized for:

A

Food storage

112
Q

Have Storage parenchyma in Xylem and phloem

A

Fleshy roots

113
Q

What are root nodules?

A

Swellings on roots of legumes inhabited by symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (ex rhizobium)

114
Q

Bacteria provides plant with nitrogen it can use

A

Fix atmospheric nitrogen

115
Q

Root nodules: Plant provides bacteria with

A

Carbohydrates

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