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BOTANY > Lecture 5 - Shoot Structure And Development > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Shoot Structure And Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Shoot

A

Above ground part of plant

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2
Q

What does the shoot consist of?

A

Stem and leaves

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3
Q

Stem function

A

Structural support
Conduction of water and nutrients

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4
Q

Leaf function

A

Capture light

Photosynthesis

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5
Q

What dues Herbaceous mean

A

Stems die back to ground

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6
Q

Annuals

A

Live for one growing season

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7
Q

Biennials

A

Leaves first growing season, flowers an fruit second season, die

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8
Q

Perennials

A

Live 3+ years

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9
Q

Woody plants live for:

A

Persist for several seasons without dieback

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10
Q

Woody plant classifications

A

Tree, shrub, liana

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11
Q

Tree

A

Dominant vertical trunk, > 5m tall

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12
Q

Shrub

A

Multiple branches with near ground origin, <5 m tall

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13
Q

Liana

A

Large woody vine, climbs other plants

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14
Q

Deciduous

A

Lose leaves annually

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15
Q

Evergreen

A

Foliage throughout the year

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16
Q

Name the Stem parts

A

Nodes, internodes, buds

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17
Q

What are Nodes

A

Origin of leaves and branches

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18
Q

Where are Internodes located

A

Region between nodes

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19
Q

What are Buds

A

Undeveloped stems, leaves, and flowers

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20
Q

Bud types

A

Terminal buds, axillary (lateral) buds, adventitious buds

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21
Q

Where are Terminal buds

A

Occur at branch tips

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22
Q

Where are Axillary (lateral) buds

A

In leaf axils

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23
Q

Where do Adventitious buds develop

A

Develop at locations other than branch tips or leaf axils

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24
Q

Shoot growth consist of:

A

Primary and secondary growth

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25
Q

Primary growth in shoot is:

A

Addition of tissue to the shoot by the shoot apical meristem

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26
Q

Primary growth process is:

A

Repetitive addition of phytomeres

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27
Q

Phytomeres consist of?

A

Node, lateral organ, Axillary bud, internode

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28
Q

Lateral organ

A

Leaf

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29
Q

Shoot growth: axillary bud location

A

At base of leaf

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30
Q

Shoot growth: internode location

A

Below the leaf

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31
Q

Shoot apical meristem cells are:

A

Dome shaped cells at stem tip

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32
Q

Shoot apical meristem functions

A
  1. directs daughter cells to differentiation
  2. Site of pattern formation of leaves
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33
Q

What is the shoot apical meristem?

A

Region in flowering plants responsible for the growth of new shoots

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34
Q

Shoot apical meristem organization

A

Tunica-corpus

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35
Q

Tunica location

A

Outermost layer of cells

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36
Q

How do tunica cells divide?

A

Anticlinally

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37
Q

Corpus location

A

Body cells under the tunica

38
Q

How do corpus cells divide?

A

Periclinally and anticlinally

39
Q

Protoderm origin

A

Outermost tunica layer

40
Q

Where is the procambium and part of the ground meristem derived from?

A

Peripheral zone

41
Q

Where is the rest of the ground meristem derived from?

A

Pith meristem

42
Q

Primary meristems (3)

A

Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium

43
Q

Protoderm primary tissue

A

Epidermis

44
Q

Ground meristem primary tissues

A

Ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

45
Q

Procambium primary tissues

A

Primary Xylem and primary phloem

46
Q

Leaf primordia is produced in:

Continually produced by:

Describe their initial internode elongation

A

Produced in precise geometric patterns

They are continually produced by the meristem

Initially have little internode elongation

47
Q

Phyllotaxy

A

Precise geometric patterns

48
Q

What happens as new leaves displace old ones?

A

Internodal elongation

49
Q

Leaf primordial processes lead to what?

A

Repetitive phytomeres

50
Q

Internode elongation advantages

A

Captures more sunlight by reducing leaf overlap

Grows taller than competition

51
Q

Internode elongation disadvantages

A

Lodging, hollow pith, protoxylem lacuna occurs in monocots

52
Q

How does stem growth occur?

A

By cell enlargement in the internal region

53
Q

What develops in older leaf primordia axils?

A

Bud primordia

54
Q

Apical dominance

A

Terminal bud inhibits lateral bud growth

55
Q

What happens if the terminal bud is removed?

A

A lateral bud develops and becomes the terminal bud

56
Q

What happens as the lateral buds get further from the terminal bud?

A

They will develop

57
Q

Dicot stem procambium distribution

A

Isolated small cylinders, distributed in a regular pattern- eustele

58
Q

Dicot stem innermost ground tissue is called?

A

Pith

59
Q

Dicot stem external ground tissue is called?

A

Cortex

60
Q

Dicot stem vascular bundles are called?

A

Fascicles

61
Q

Dicot stem ground tissues between the fascicles are called?

A

Interfasicular regions or pith rays

62
Q

Dicot stem Xylem is usually in?

A

Inner portion of the vascular bundle

63
Q

Dicot stem phloem is usually in?

A

The outer portion

64
Q

Dicot stem bundles is usually in?

A

A single ring

65
Q

Monocot stem vascular bundle organization

A

Scattered-atactostele

66
Q

Atactostele

A

Scattered vascular bundles

67
Q

Eustele

A

Vascular bundles in a ring

68
Q

Describe a monocot stem

A

Stem covered in epidermis, with stomata and thick cuticle. The rest is parenchyma with embedded vascular bundles.

69
Q

Where are monocot small and large vascular bundles?

A

Smaller vascular bundles in outer stem, larger ones in Center

70
Q

Do monocot stems have a pith?

A

No

71
Q

Monocot stem Xylem location

A

Inner part of vascular bundle

72
Q

Monocot stem phloem location

A

Outer part of vascular bundles

73
Q

Monocot stem vascular bundles are surrounded by?

A

Bundle sheath

74
Q

Monocot stem phloem organization is?

A

Highly organized

75
Q

Monocot stem: Large metaxylem vessels and smaller protoxylem is:

A

Xylem

76
Q

Monocot stem elongates rapidly which leads to what?

A

Protoxytem lacuna

77
Q

Describe the structure of vascular tissue in the stem and leaf.

A

Individual vascular bundles that run separately through the stem.

78
Q

Define leaf trace.

A

A vascular bundle that diverges from the axial bundle in the stem and enters a leaf

79
Q

Where are leaf traces produced?

A

At nodes

80
Q

Each leaf trace equals how many vascular bundles?

A

One vascular bundle

81
Q

Dicots: the axial bundle forms how many bundles at what location?

A

3 bundles at the node

82
Q

Dicot: What does the central bundle become?

A

The leaf trace

83
Q

Dicot: The other 2 bundles unite where? What do they reconstitute?

A

Unite above the node, reconstitute the axial bundle

84
Q

Modified stems

A

Rhizome, stolon, tuber, corm, thorn, cladophyll

85
Q

Describe rhizome

A

Underground stem, usually horizontal that has nodes and internodes

86
Q

Describe stolon. What kind of roots does it produce?

A

Horizontal stem, produces adventitious roots

87
Q

Describe tuber.

A

Develops underground- enlarged, short, fleshy

88
Q

Describe corm. Starch is usually?

A

Swollen base of stem enclosed in dry scale-like leaves. Starch is usually accumulated.

89
Q

Describe thorn.

A

Short, sharp point

90
Q

Describe cladophyll. What is it specialized for?

A

Flattered stem specialized for photosynthesis

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