Lecture 5 - Shoot Structure And Development Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is the Shoot
A
Above ground part of plant
2
Q
What does the shoot consist of?
A
Stem and leaves
3
Q
Stem function
A
Structural support
Conduction of water and nutrients
4
Q
Leaf function
A
Capture light
Photosynthesis
5
Q
What dues Herbaceous mean
A
Stems die back to ground
6
Q
Annuals
A
Live for one growing season
7
Q
Biennials
A
Leaves first growing season, flowers an fruit second season, die
8
Q
Perennials
A
Live 3+ years
9
Q
Woody plants live for:
A
Persist for several seasons without dieback
10
Q
Woody plant classifications
A
Tree, shrub, liana
11
Q
Tree
A
Dominant vertical trunk, > 5m tall
12
Q
Shrub
A
Multiple branches with near ground origin, <5 m tall
13
Q
Liana
A
Large woody vine, climbs other plants
14
Q
Deciduous
A
Lose leaves annually
15
Q
Evergreen
A
Foliage throughout the year
16
Q
Name the Stem parts
A
Nodes, internodes, buds
17
Q
What are Nodes
A
Origin of leaves and branches
18
Q
Where are Internodes located
A
Region between nodes
19
Q
What are Buds
A
Undeveloped stems, leaves, and flowers
20
Q
Bud types
A
Terminal buds, axillary (lateral) buds, adventitious buds
21
Q
Where are Terminal buds
A
Occur at branch tips
22
Q
Where are Axillary (lateral) buds
A
In leaf axils
23
Q
Where do Adventitious buds develop
A
Develop at locations other than branch tips or leaf axils
24
Q
Shoot growth consist of:
A
Primary and secondary growth
25
Primary growth in shoot is:
Addition of tissue to the shoot by the shoot apical meristem
26
Primary growth process is:
Repetitive addition of phytomeres
27
Phytomeres consist of?
Node, lateral organ, Axillary bud, internode
28
Lateral organ
Leaf
29
Shoot growth: axillary bud location
At base of leaf
30
Shoot growth: internode location
Below the leaf
31
Shoot apical meristem cells are:
Dome shaped cells at stem tip
32
Shoot apical meristem functions
1. directs daughter cells to differentiation
2. Site of pattern formation of leaves
33
What is the shoot apical meristem?
Region in flowering plants responsible for the growth of new shoots
34
Shoot apical meristem organization
Tunica-corpus
35
Tunica location
Outermost layer of cells
36
How do tunica cells divide?
Anticlinally
37
Corpus location
Body cells under the tunica
38
How do corpus cells divide?
Periclinally and anticlinally
39
Protoderm origin
Outermost tunica layer
40
Where is the procambium and part of the ground meristem derived from?
Peripheral zone
41
Where is the rest of the ground meristem derived from?
Pith meristem
42
Primary meristems (3)
Protoderm, ground meristem, procambium
43
Protoderm primary tissue
Epidermis
44
Ground meristem primary tissues
Ground tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma)
45
Procambium primary tissues
Primary Xylem and primary phloem
46
Leaf primordia is produced in:
Continually produced by:
Describe their initial internode elongation
Produced in precise geometric patterns
They are continually produced by the meristem
Initially have little internode elongation
47
Phyllotaxy
Precise geometric patterns
48
What happens as new leaves displace old ones?
Internodal elongation
49
Leaf primordial processes lead to what?
Repetitive phytomeres
50
Internode elongation advantages
Captures more sunlight by reducing leaf overlap
Grows taller than competition
51
Internode elongation disadvantages
Lodging, hollow pith, protoxylem lacuna occurs in monocots
52
How does stem growth occur?
By cell enlargement in the internal region
53
What develops in older leaf primordia axils?
Bud primordia
54
Apical dominance
Terminal bud inhibits lateral bud growth
55
What happens if the terminal bud is removed?
A lateral bud develops and becomes the terminal bud
56
What happens as the lateral buds get further from the terminal bud?
They will develop
57
Dicot stem procambium distribution
Isolated small cylinders, distributed in a regular pattern- eustele
58
Dicot stem innermost ground tissue is called?
Pith
59
Dicot stem external ground tissue is called?
Cortex
60
Dicot stem vascular bundles are called?
Fascicles
61
Dicot stem ground tissues between the fascicles are called?
Interfasicular regions or pith rays
62
Dicot stem Xylem is usually in?
Inner portion of the vascular bundle
63
Dicot stem phloem is usually in?
The outer portion
64
Dicot stem bundles is usually in?
A single ring
65
Monocot stem vascular bundle organization
Scattered-atactostele
66
Atactostele
Scattered vascular bundles
67
Eustele
Vascular bundles in a ring
68
Describe a monocot stem
Stem covered in epidermis, with stomata and thick cuticle. The rest is parenchyma with embedded vascular bundles.
69
Where are monocot small and large vascular bundles?
Smaller vascular bundles in outer stem, larger ones in Center
70
Do monocot stems have a pith?
No
71
Monocot stem Xylem location
Inner part of vascular bundle
72
Monocot stem phloem location
Outer part of vascular bundles
73
Monocot stem vascular bundles are surrounded by?
Bundle sheath
74
Monocot stem phloem organization is?
Highly organized
75
Monocot stem: Large metaxylem vessels and smaller protoxylem is:
Xylem
76
Monocot stem elongates rapidly which leads to what?
Protoxytem lacuna
77
Describe the structure of vascular tissue in the stem and leaf.
Individual vascular bundles that run separately through the stem.
78
Define leaf trace.
A vascular bundle that diverges from the axial bundle in the stem and enters a leaf
79
Where are leaf traces produced?
At nodes
80
Each leaf trace equals how many vascular bundles?
One vascular bundle
81
Dicots: the axial bundle forms how many bundles at what location?
3 bundles at the node
82
Dicot: What does the central bundle become?
The leaf trace
83
Dicot: The other 2 bundles unite where? What do they reconstitute?
Unite above the node, reconstitute the axial bundle
84
Modified stems
Rhizome, stolon, tuber, corm, thorn, cladophyll
85
Describe rhizome
Underground stem, usually horizontal that has nodes and internodes
86
Describe stolon. What kind of roots does it produce?
Horizontal stem, produces adventitious roots
87
Describe tuber.
Develops underground- enlarged, short, fleshy
88
Describe corm. Starch is usually?
Swollen base of stem enclosed in dry scale-like leaves. Starch is usually accumulated.
89
Describe thorn.
Short, sharp point
90
Describe cladophyll. What is it specialized for?
Flattered stem specialized for photosynthesis
