Lecture 7.1: Infectious Diseases (Student)

Question 1

what is the aetiology and pathogenesis of canine brucellosis

Answer 1

contagious diseased caused by the bacteria. any breed/age can be affected by common in mature dogs. affects reproductive system and organs. ZOONOTIC

Question 2

how is brucellosis transmitted

Answer 2

mucosa and broken skin. via infected fluids

Question 3

what are the clinical signs of canine brucellosis

Answer 3

lethargy
swollen lymph nodes
difficulty walking
back pain
vaginal discharge etc

Question 4

how do you diagnose canine brucellosis

Answer 4

spinal xray
cytology
serology

Question 5

how do you treat brucellosis

Answer 5

ATB tests

Question 6

how do you prevent brucellosis

Answer 6

spay and neuter

Question 7

what does equine herpes virus cause

Answer 7

abortion 2-12 weeks after infection. if no abortion the foals have viral pneumonitis.

Question 8

how is equine herpes virus transmitted

Answer 8

contact with aborted fetus, fetal fluids and placenta + also through aerosol secretions from coughing horse

Question 9

what are the clinical signs of equine herpes virus

Answer 9

can be subclinical in adults.
- nasal discharge
- incoordination
 
- hind limb weakness
 
- loss of tail tone
 
- lethargy 

- urine dribbling
 
- head tilt
 
- poor balance

- inability to rise.

Question 10

how do you diagnose equine herpes virus

Answer 10

Diagnosis: nasopharyngeal swab of the horse, blood samples for PCR or virus isolation, or tissue from the aborted fetus for detection of antibody titers.

Question 11

how do you treat equine herpes virus

Answer 11

Treatment: Supportive care and treatment of the symptoms. NSAIDS used to reduce fever, pain and inflammation. In uncomplicated cases, will recover in a few weeks.

Question 12

what is the prognosis for equine herpes virus

Answer 12

Prognosis: poor if the horse is recumbent for an extended period of time.

Question 13

how do you prevent equine herpes virus

Answer 13

Prevention: 2 types of vaccines, controversial. Vaccines might actually reduce the severity and duration of the disease but it will not prevent it. There’s modified live(intra-nasal, faster protection) and killed(IM).

Question 14

what is bordatella

Answer 14

Bordetella is a very contagious respiratory disease possible in both cats and dogs caused by a bacteria named Bordetella bronchiseptica
The bacteria will cause inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

Question 15

how is bordatella transmitted

Answer 15

Direct contact (licking, nuzzling)
Air (coughing, sneezing)
Contaminated fomites (bowls, toys)

Question 16

what are the mild clinical signs of bordatella

Answer 16

Dry, hacking cough in dogs (owners will often refer to the coughing as a foreigh material stuck in the throat)
Retching
Sneezing
Nasal discharge

Question 17

what are the severe clinical signs of bordatella

Answer 17

Pneumonia
Fever
Lethargy
Innappetence

Question 18

what is the treatment for bordatella

Answer 18

No medication px when an animal comes in with bordetella.
rest for 14 days and reevaluation if no improvement.
If productive cough= no anti-tussive px
If non productive cough = anti-tussive can be px

Question 19

what are the risk factors for bordatella

Answer 19

Risk factors

Shelter animals, rescue centers animals, breeding kennel animals or pet store animals

Question 20

what are the methods of preventing bordatella

Answer 20

vaccine once a year

Question 21

what is leishmania

Answer 21

is an intracelluar protozoan parasite that causes the zoonotic disease Leishmaniasis.

Question 22

how is leishmania spread

Answer 22

Spread through Sand Fly bites, with vertical transmission unlikely but possible.

Question 23

who is affected by leishmaniasis

Answer 23

Primarily effects dogs, but humans, cats, rodents and horses can also be infected.
Leishmaniasis is a major zoonitic endemic between humans and canines

Question 24

what is the pathogenesis for leishmaniasis

Answer 24

Predisposing factors: Age, genetics, nutrition and general immune status
Incubation period: Months to years
Parasite travels from the skin throughout the host’s body
Cutaneous and/or visceral lesions:
Skin, kidneys, spleen, liver, eyes, joints
Granulomatous inflammation
Mediated by CD4 T lymphocytes

Question 25

what are the symptoms of leishmaniasis

Answer 25

``` Dermal lesions (nodules, scaling, alopecia, brittle hair coat, may be ulcerative) Lymphadenomegaly Ocular abnormalities Epistaxis Weight loss & anorexia Exercise intolerance/lethargy ```

Question 26

what are the methods of diagnosis leishmaniasis

Answer 26

``` Clinical Signs CBC Biochem Hystology Cytology ```

Question 27

how do you treat leishmaniasis

Answer 27

SC injections of Meglumine Antimoniate (4-8 wks) PO Zyloprim (6-12 months) Tx may only be temporary and may not eliminate the parasite, leaving the animals carriers for life, with the potential for relapse. Carriers can be infectious to sand flies, restarting the cycle.

Question 28

what is erysipelas caused by

Answer 28

Caused by a bacteria called Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is: Gram-positive

Question 29

who does erysipelas effect

Answer 29

Affects swine | 50% of pigs in production are affected

Question 30

where is the erysipelas bacteria found

Answer 30

The organism commonly resides in the tonsillar tissue

Question 31

how is erysipelas transmitted

Answer 31

Organism is shed by carriers in the feces | Oronasal secretions

Question 32

what are the clinical signs of an acute erysipelas infection

Answer 32

Sudden and unexpected death from septicemia Painful joints Skin lesions often described as diamond skin

Question 33

what are the signs of a chronic erysipelas infection

Answer 33

Tends to follow acute infections One form is characterized by enlarged joints and lameness Also has diamond skin disease that can progress to necrosis

Question 34

how do you diagnose erysipelas

Answer 34

Skin lesions Skin discoloration and erythema of the ears, snout, and lateral or dorsal regions of the body Gram stain the tissue sample of affected tissue Acute more difficult to diagnose

Question 35

how do you treat/prognosis of erysipelas

Answer 35

Penicillin treatment at 12 hour intervals for a minimum of 3 days Fever associated with acute infections treated with NSAIDS Treatment usually ineffective and costly (Poor prognosis)

Question 36

what is ehrlichia

Answer 36

Ehrlichia is an obligate intracellular bacterium

Question 37

what is ehrlichia responsible for the transmission of

Answer 37

a group of tick-borne illnesses known as Ehrlichiosis (zoonosis)

Question 38

describe the ethiology of ehrlichia

Answer 38

Once transmitted, Ehrlichia most commonly infects monocytes. They are able to guarantee their survival because they possess the capability to reprogram the systems and mechanisms of defense employed by the host cell. Ehrlichia can cause an acute or chronic infection. Is zoonotic passed through tick bites, causes similar symptoms as in dogs, but can be fatal in immune compromised patients

Question 39

what are the signs and symptoms of ehrlichia

Answer 39

Fever, Lethargy, Loss of appetite, Weight Loss abnormal bleeding (e.g., nosebleeds, bleeding under skin -- looks like little spots or patches of bruising) enlarged lymph nodes, enlarged spleen pain and stiffness (due to arthritis and muscle pain) Coughing, Discharge from the eyes and/or nose vomiting and diarrhea inflammation of the eye neurological symptoms (e.g., incoordination, depression, paralysis, etc.)

Question 40

how do you diagnose ehrlichia

Answer 40

Blood counts and hematological tests are crucial to the diagnosis of Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Critical signs of ehrlichia infections are: - Low blood counts - thrombocytopenia

Question 41

what is the etiology of distemper

Answer 41

Direct or indirect (fomite), inhalant transmission Improper attenuated vaccines in rare cases Most common cause is coming in direct contact with infected animals such as raccoons, foxes and skunks.

Question 42

what is the pathogenesis of distemper

Answer 42

Initially attacks tonsils and lymph nodes and replicates in those specific tissue for about a week. Then attacks the Respiratory, urogenital, gastrointestinal & nervous system

Question 43

who does distemper affect

Answer 43

``` Dogs Ferrets Wolves Foxes Skunks Racoons ``` Unvaccinated dogs are more at risk for contracting the disease

Question 44

what are the clinical signs of the first stage of distemper

Answer 44

Early symptoms include High fever 39.7°C Red eyes Watery discharge from the nose and eyes Following Symptoms Lethargic and weak Usually become anorexic May have persistent coughing, vomiting and/or diarrhea

Question 45

what are the clinical signs of the later stages of distemper

Answer 45

The virus attacks the nervous system effecting the brain and spinal cord May start having fits, seizures, paralysis, and attacks of hysteria In some strains it can cause abnormal thickening of the pads of feet AKA Hard Pad Disease Secondary bacterial infection may increase the animals vulnerablity to the disease

Question 46

what is the prognosis for distemper

Answer 46

No cure Recovery is possible but seizures and other severe changes to the CNS may be fatal 2-3 months after recovery Chance of survival depends on the strain and the dogs immune system Young unvaccinated puppies and non-immunized older dogs are more susceptible.

Question 47

how do you diagnose distemper

Answer 47

Biochemical tests Urinalysis Low lymphocytes Serology test : won’t be able to differentiate between vaccinated antibodies or exposure to virus Viral antigens may be detected in urine sediment or vaginal imprints Skin with hair, nasal mucous and foot pad epithelium may be tested for antibodies CT and MRI can be used to examine the brain to view any lesions that may have developed

Question 48

how do you treat distemper

Answer 48

Supportive treatment Iv fluids Antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infection Phenobarbital and potassium bromide to control convulsions and seizures No antiviral drugs that are effective in treating the disease

Question 49

how do you prevent distemper

Answer 49

Vaccination Rarely seen in pet dogs because of judicious vaccine protocols Part of core vaccinations

Question 50

what is the aetiology and pathogenesis of the avian newcastle disease

Answer 50

RNA virus Most important virus in poultry Chickens are most susceptible, waterfowl are least susceptible

Question 51

what is the epidemiology and transmission of newcastle disease

Answer 51

Endemic in poultry in most of Asia, Africa, and some countries of North/South America USA and Canada are free of the virulent strains poultry (import restrictions and destruction of infected poultry) Infected birds shed virus in exhaled air, respiratory discharges, and feces Shed during incubation, clinical stage Chickens are often infected by aerosols and ingesting contaminated food and water Young chickens are most susceptible

Question 52

what are the clinical signs of newcastle disease

Answer 52

Rapid onset, symptoms appear throughout the flock within 2-12 days (avg 5) after aerosol exposure Onset is slower if contracted through fecal-oral route Signs depend on whether the virus has affected the respiratory, digestive, or nervous system Respiratory: gasping, sneezing, coughing, rales Nervous: tremors, paralyzed wings and legs, twisted necks, circling, clonic spasms, complete paralysis GI: diarrhea, inappetence May see complete or partial cessation of egg production Mortality is variable but can be as high as 100% with virulent infections

Question 53

what is the diagnosis and prevention of newcastle disease

Answer 53

Diagnosed through oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs Vaccine available, but the vaccines do not provide sterile immunity ZOONOTIC RISK All strains can produce a transitory conjuctivitis in humans, usually only when exposed to high quantities of the virus (lab workers and vaccination teams)

Question 54

what is foot and mouth disease

Answer 54

A reportable, zoonotic, highly contagious viral disease (7 strains) of cattle and swine, which also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other cloven-hoofed ruminants. Giraffes and elephants can also be affected. Mostly found in endemic countries like the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and in parts of South America The disease is characterized by fever and vesicles in the mouth and on the muzzle, teats, and feet It can be spread by direct (milk, semen, secretions) and indirect contact (people, air current)

Question 55

what is the pathogenicity of foot and mouth disease

Answer 55

In endemic countries, there is 100% morbidity with low mortality, except in the case of young animals The primary site of infection is in the mucosa of the pharynx, the virus then goes through the lymphatics and replicates in the mouth, muzzle, feet, teats, and damaged skin. Animals that are infected and vaccinated can still carry the disease (cattle up to 3.5 years)

Question 56

what are the symptoms and treatment of foot and mouth disease

Answer 56

Lameness, pyrexia, vesicles in mouth cavity and feet, decreased milk production, frothing of mouth, teat blisters, and decreased appetite There is no treatment, only supportive care Ill animals can recover, however they are usually culled, as so the ones who are susceptible. They must be incinerated.

Question 57

how do you prevent foot and mouth disease

Answer 57

Export restrictions can be instilled to reduce risk of infection in endemic countries A full quarantine must be implemented Full disinfection of infected areas must be performed immediately Infected milk can be disinfected by boiling for 20 minutes Vaccination may be provided, however must closely match the strain of the virus, as there is no universal vaccine. The inactivated vx only protects for 4-6 months against clinical signs only

Question 58

what is helicobacter

Answer 58

Affects cats and dogs Found in gastric tissues and intestinal tract Transmission is unknown, reservoirs unknown Concern of zoonotic transmission

Question 59

what are the clinical signs of helicobacter

Answer 59

100% of healthy cats and dogs are positive. Infection reported in vomiting cats and dogs Signs: Gastritis, vomiting and diarrhea No direct relationship between symptoms and infection has been identified

Question 60

how do you diagnose helicobacter

Answer 60

Upper GI endoscopy ( taking brush samples) or laparotomy Brush samples: Can cover large area of the stomach therefore high sensitivity. Sample viewed under 100x magnification. Multiple biopsies must be taken in the stomach and stained with H&E stain to identify organism. Cytology and histopathology cannot identify specific species but high sensitivity and specificity for Helicobacter.

Question 61

how do you treat helicobacter

Answer 61

Very little knowledge of pathogenicity Treatment will be based off the presence of species and clinical signs. Some animals don’t experience long term eradication of infection