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Pathology > Lecture 6: Dermatology > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Dermatology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the immune system

A

Cells
recognition molecules
soluble factors

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2
Q

Describe nonspecific immunity

A

First line of defence, non specific

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3
Q

Describe the anatomic and physiologic portion of nonspecific immunity

A

skin, mucosa, cilia

stomach pH, Body Temperature

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4
Q

Describe the cellular portion of the nonspecific immunity

A

phagocytic cells, NK cells

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5
Q

describe the molecular portion of the nonspecific immunity

A

inflammation

complement system

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6
Q

Where do the cells from the nonspecific immunity come from

A

recruited by the molecules of inflammation

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7
Q

What is the function of the cells of the nonspecific immunity

A

ingest + destroy pathogens

neutralize toxins

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8
Q

Describe the self/nonself identification by neutrophils, monocytes, tissue macrophages, NK cells

A 
Express membrane receptors that innately recognize several pathogens (pathogen recognition receptors)
Recognizes PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)
Also DAMPS (damage associated molecular patterns)
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9
Q

Describe the cell mediated specific immunity

A

T-Lymphocytes for intracellular pathogens

B-Lymphocytes for extracellular pathogens and toxins

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10
Q

Describe the characteristics of specific immunity

A 
Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self/non-self recognition
MHC molecules
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11
Q

Describe T Lymphocytes

A

Contains T Cell Receptor
TCR can only recognize antigen in combination with a MHC molecule.
Each T Lymphocyte expresses a different TCR

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12
Q

What is the CD4 T Lymphocyte

A 
Helper T lymphocytes
Recognizes MHC class II: found on antigen presenting cells
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13
Q

What is the CD8 T Lymphocyte

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: Recognizes MHC class I: found on all nucleated cells

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14
Q

What is a signal 2 lymphocyte:

A

important for tolerance and auto-immunity

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15
Q

What do T-Lymphocytes do when activated

A

Expand clonal

differentiate into: Effector Cells or Memory cells

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16
Q

Describe the antigen receptor in B Lymphocytes

A

Membrane-bound immunoglobulin. The immunoglobulin gene can rearrange- antigen recognition diversity.

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17
Q

What happens to B Lymphocytes when activated

A 
Expand clonally
Differentiates into:
Effector cells plasma cell (antibody secreting)
Needs the action of T-helper lymphocyte
Memory cells
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18
Q

What is the function of a macrophage

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to T-Lymphocyte
MHC class II

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19
Q

What is the function of a dendritic cell

A

Very efficient antigen presenting cell

Capture antigens in circulation and present to T-Lymphocytes in lymph nodes

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20
Q

Describe a Type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Immediate hypersensitivity
Misdirected/innapropriate response
occurs within minutes of exposure

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21
Q

Describe the type 1’s immediate hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated
Against:
Environmental antigens (allergens)
Parasite antigen

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22
Q

What does a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction require

A

Need to be previously SENSITIZED

Mediated by mast cells

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23
Q

What does mast-cell degranulation in a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction result in

A 
Vasodilation
Edema
Smooth muscle contraction
Mucus production
Inflammation
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24
Q

Describe the systemic reaction in a type 1 hypersensitivity

A

Anaphylaxis

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25
Describe the localized type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
Skin, mucosa, GIT | Atopy, allergic rhinitis
26
What is allergic dermatitis
cutaneous manifestation of type I hypersensitivity | Inhalation, ingestion, percutaneous
27
What do you call an allergic dermatitis with a genetic predisposition
atopic dermatitis
28
Describe a flea bite hypersensitivity
Most common hypersensitivity in cats & dogs | Very pruritic dermatitis (mostly on back)
29
What is urticaria and angiodema
Most often in horses and dogs Multifocal or localized areas of edema Urticaria: superficial Edema: deep dermis and subcutis
30
What are the immunologic causes of Urticaria and Angioedema
food, drug, antisera, insect bites
31
what are the non immunologic causes of urticaria and angiodema
heat, exercise, stress
32
Describe a cytotoxic hypersensitivity
Development of antibodies against self cells or tissue | May be from self antigen or exogenous antigen adsorbed to self
33
What does a cytotoxic hypersensitivity cause
``` IMHA, ITP (cytotoxic) Myasthenia gravis (altered function) ```
34
What immune complexes are involved in a type 2 hypersensitivity
IgM and IgG
35
What does a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction require
a sensitized host
36
What enhanced phagocytosis of antigen by macrophages in type 2 hypersensitivity
opsonization by antibodies or complements
37
How can an antibody activate the complement system and what happens when it does it
Antibody can activate the complement system, via the classical pathway, resulting in the elaboration of inflammatory mediators
38
What can antibodies against cell receptors do
activate or inhibit cell function. ex: TSH
39
What is immune mediated hemolytic anemia
Common, life-threatening acute anemia Young middle-aged females, cocker spaniels Usually idiopathic Infection, drugs, neoplasia
40
What is neonatal isoerythrolysis
``` A form of IMHA Colostrum derived maternal antibodies Attacks newborn’s RBC Common in horses Immunosensitization of mother to incompatible blood type from stallion ``` 8-10h after birth up to 4-5 days
41
what is pemphigus (foliaceous)
Most common and milder form of pemphigus Often adverse reaction to drugs Autoantibodies against a protein in desmosomes Pustules with acantholytic keratinocytes
42
What are three different type 2 hypersensitives
Immune Mediated Hemolytic Anemia Neonatal isoerythrolysis Pemphigus
43
Describe a type 3 hypersensitivity
Immune-complex hypersensitivity Antigen-antibody complexes that activate complement and cause damage Similar to type II Type II: antigen directed against self Type III: antigen just get “stuck” to tissue
44
What happens when immune complexes are deposited into tissues
Activation of complement system | tissue DAmage
45
Why do antibody antigen complexes go wrong
Improper atb/ag ratio Weak, chronic atb response Too many atb-ag complexes
46
What is type 3 hypersensitivity caused by
chronic/persistant infection | foreign antigen inhalation
47
Where do antibody-antigen complexes accumulate in
Blood vessels Synovial membranes Glomeruli Choroid plexus (brain)
48
What is systemic lupus erythematous
``` Multiorgan disease (dogs; rarely cat & horse) Defective T-Lymphocyte suppression results in B-Lymphocyte hyperactivity ```
49
What are the predisposing factors for systemic lupus erythematous
Genetics Viral infection Hormones UV light
50
Describe how systemic lupus erythematous affects the body
Formation of autoantibodies to a variety of antigens, including nucleic acid Organ specific antigens Clotting factors Cells (RBC, platelets, leukocytes) Main damage: atb-ag complexes Many tissue, notably skin (intensified by UV light)
51
What are the skin symptoms of systemic lupus erythematous
Local or generalized | Erythema, depigmentation, alopecia, crusting
52
What are the systemic signs of systemic lupus erythematous
Polyarthritis Fever Anemia, thrombocytopenia Proteinuria
53
What causes equine infectious anemia
caused by the lentivirus
54
how does the lentivirus cause equine infectious anemia
infects monocytes and macrophages
55
what does equine infectious anemia do to the body
Immune-mediated (atb-atg complexes deposition) | Decreased erythropoiesis
56
how do you diagnose equine infectious anemia
coggins test for diagnostic
57
describe a type 4 hypersensitivity
Delayed-type hypersensitivity Cell mediated hypersensitivity Interaction between T-lymphocytes and specific antigens Sensitized T-lymphocytes Response is 24-48h after exposure Granuloma formation Unlike type I, II & III: NOT dependent on antibody
58
describe tuberculosis
Caused by acid-fast bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium. Chronic, debilitating disease Occasional acute, rapidly progressive course. Affects practically all species of vertebrates Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and others Often the body is unable to clear the infection Chronic Granuloma formation
59
Describe johne's disease
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Chronic, contagious granulomatous enteritis Often in cattle Persistent diarrhea, progressive weight loss, debilitation, and eventually death Thickened and corrugated intestine with enlarged and edematous neighboring lymph nodes Granulomas
60
What is auto-immune thyroiditis
Chronic and progressive lymphocytic infiltration and subsequent destruction of the thyroid gland
61
Who is predisposed to getting auto-immune thyroiditis
Doberman Pinschers, Beagles, Golden Retrievers, and Akitas
62
What is special about auto-immune thyroiditis
Probably has both humoral (Type II - cytotoxic) and cell-mediated (Type IV - delayed) components MHC probably involved
63
What is bovine/canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Genetic, congenital anomaly of leukocytes Prevents leucocytes from migrating from the blood in the tissues Very high neutrophilia Animals are highly susceptible to infection Die very young
64
Describe feline infectious peritonitis
Mutation of benign enteric coronavirus to FIP virus Infects monocytes & macrophages and spreads through blood Type III (immune complex) Vasculitis Type IV (delayed) also likely Granulomas
65
Describe keratitis sicca
Due to an aqueous tear deficiency Usually results in persistent, mucopurulent conjunctivitis and corneal ulceration and scarring Dogs, cats & horses Dogs: often autoimmune dacryoadenitis of both the lacrimal and nictitans glands Not well understood

Pathology (10 decks)

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