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Pathology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the components of the heart

A

÷ Pericardium
÷ Myocardium
÷ Conduction system
÷ Endocardium & Valves

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2
Q

Describe the components of the heart vessels

A

÷ Arteries (distribution)
÷ Veins (collection)
÷ Capillaries
÷ Lymphatic

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3
Q

How is fluid distribution and homeostasis maintained

A

Physical barriers
Concentration Gradient
Pressure Gradient

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4
Q

What is edema

A

Accumulation of excess interstitial fluid

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5
Q

What are the barrier problems

A

increased permeability

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6
Q

What enzymes are associated with inflammation

A

histamine and bradykinin

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7
Q

What can cause barrier problems

A

inflammation, damage and immune mediated

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8
Q

What causes edema

A

infectious (tick born disease, FIP, leptospirosis, etc)
immune mediated disease
toxins

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9
Q

What causes hydrostatic pressure problems

A

portal hypertension
localized obstruction
fluid overload

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10
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure mean

A

increased pressure

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11
Q

what causes oncotic pressure problems

A

decreased albumin (production or losses)

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12
Q

What are common fluid distribution problems

A

Barrier Problems
Pressure Problems
Decreased lymphatic drainage

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13
Q

Where can edema be located

A 
¡  Alveolar lumen
¡  Thoracic cavity
¡  Pericardial sac
¡  Abdominal cavity 
¡  Subcutaneous
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14
Q

Describe the appearance of edema and the histological appearance

A

Clear to slightly yellow

transuadate (low protein and low cells)

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15
Q

Describe physical disruption that cause hemorrhage

A

trauma
erosion
neoplastic invasion
fungi

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16
Q

What minor defects that could cause hemorrhage

A

endotoxemia/infectious agents
toxins
immune-complexes

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17
Q

What can cause hemorrhage

A

Physical disruption
minor defects
thrombocytopenia
coagulation factor deficiency

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18
Q

What is thrombosis

A

— Formation of inappropriate clot of fibrin and/or platelets along with other blood elements on the wall of a blood vessel / lymphatic / heart.

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19
Q

What is a thrombosis called when it occurs in the lumen

A

thromboembolism

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20
Q

What can cause endothelial injury/vasculitis

A

¡ Infectious (ex herpes virus, salmonella, aspergillus)
¡ Immune-mediated
¡ Toxins

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21
Q

What can cause an alteration in blood flow

A

¡ Mechanical
÷ (GDV, external compression)
¡ Cardiac disease
¡ Hypovolemia

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22
Q

What can cause hypercoagulability

Study These Flashcards
A 
¡  Inflammation
¡  Diabete
¡  Renal disease
¡  Neoplasia
¡  Hepatic disease 
¡  Cushing’s
¡  Hypothyroidism 
¡  Heartworm
23
Q

What are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the renal arteries

Study These Flashcards
A

decrease in renal function, proteinuria and hematuria or

anuria if bilateral

24
Q

what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the pulmonary arteries

Study These Flashcards
A

¡ acute respiratory compromise and a ventilation-perfusion mismatch that can be mild or subclinical depending on the degree of embolization

25
what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the mesenteric arteries
¡ gastrointestinal signs and abdominal pain
26
what are the clinical signs of thromboembolism in the distal limb arteries
¡ pain, hardening of the musculature (tetany), and cyanosis
27
What are the three types of shock
``` ¡ Cardiogenic ¡ Hypovolemic ¡ Blood maldistribution (÷ Septic ÷ Anaphylactic ÷ Neurogenic) ```
28
What is cariogenic shock
``` Failure of the heart to pump adequate amount of blood ÷ Arrhythmias ÷ Cardiomyopathy ÷ Pericardial tamponade ÷ Anesthesia ```
29
How is cardiogenic shock characterized
Loud murmurs, tachycardia or bradycardia, arrrhythmias, and weak heart sounds
30
What is hypovolemic shock
¡ Reduced circulating blood volume ÷ Fluid loss: vomiting, diarrhea, burns ÷ Blood loss (>35%)
31
How is hypovolemic shock characterized
tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, and tachypnea
32
What is blood maldistribution
¡ Pooling of blood in peripheral tissues from vasodilation
33
what is anaphylactic shock
¡ Widespread mast cell degranulation | ¡ USUALLY CAUSED BY: Vaccine, insect/plant, drugs
34
What is neurogenic shock
¡ Autonomic nerve discharge | ¡ CAUSED BY: Electrocution, stress, fear
35
What is septic shock
¡ Infectious organism released inflammation mediator
36
What is congestive heart failure
Inability of the heart to maintain normal ¡ systemic blood pressure ¡ normal cardiac output (normal tissue blood flow) ¡ normal filling pressure
37
Why does congestive heart failure occur
results from severe heart disease
38
What does right sided heart failure cause
¡ Hepatomegaly & splenomegaly ¡ Ascites
39
What does left sided heart failure cause
Pulmonary congestion and edema
40
What can cause pericardial effusion
``` ¡ Cardiac hemangiosarcoma ÷ Highly malignant ¡ Idiopathic ÷ Golden Retriever ¡ Acute vs Chronic ¡ Pericardiocenthesis ```
41
Describe dilated cardiomyopathy
¡ Large breed dog (e.g. Doberman, Irish Wolfhound) ¡ Familial pattern ¡ Etiology not well understood ¡ Adult onset ÷ May have murmur, arrhythmias, tachycardia ¡ Taurine-deficient cats
42
Describe myocardium
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ¡ Main Coons ¡ Etiology not completely clear ¡ Young adult, middle-age cat ÷ Mostly asymptomatic with murmur of gallop ¡ Associated with arterial thromboembolism ¡ Hyperthyroidism can cause a form of DCM (reversible)
43
Describe arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy of the boxer
¡ Ventricular arrhythmias, syncope, sudden death ¡ Familial disease ÷ Not well understood, difficult to breed out
44
Describe sick sinus syndrome
¡ West Highland white terrier, Miniature schnauzer, American cocker spaniel, Boxer, Dachshund, Pug ¡ Idiopathic ¡ Adult onset ÷ Most of these dogs show overt clinical signs (syncope, episodic weakness) at the time of diagnosis ¡ Pacemaker
45
Describe myxomatous valvular degeneration
¡ Progressive degeneration of the atrioventricular valves ¡ Older dogs ¡ Small- to medium-size breeds (Papillon, Poodle, Chihuahua, Dachshund, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel) ¡ Slow progression to heart failure ¡ Progressive murmur
46
Describe patent ductus arteriosus
``` ¡ Mostly dogs ¡ Congenital, can be genetic ¡ Female; pomeranian, poodle (proved heritable cause), Keeshond, Bichon frise, Chihuahua, Maltese, Shetland sheepdog ¡ Continuous murmur ¡ Sx or Coil ```
47
Describe valve stenosis
¡ Pulmonary valve (smaller breeds) ¡ Aortic valve (larger breeds) ¡ Loud murmur ¡ Not as easy to correct if severe
48
describe fibrocartilaginous embolism
¡ Vascular thrombosis and infarction of the spinal cord ¡ Sudden onset, usually one side worst ¡ Non-chondrodystrophoid ¡ If deep pain sensation remains, many animals will recover useful spinal function
49
describe intestinal lymphangiectasia
Dilatation of lymphatic vessels and obstruction of normal lymph flow. ¡ Intestinal lymphatic dysfunction leads to leakage of protein- rich lymph into the intestinal lumen. ÷ Common causes of protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) in dogs ¡ Primary: idiopathic ¡ Secondary: ÷ Inflammatory disease ÷ Neoplasia ÷ Heart failure
50
What are the signs of intestinal lymphangiectasia
÷ vomiting, diarrhea (usually small bowel), weight loss, lethargy, anorexia ÷ peripheral edema, abdominal distension from ascites
51
How do you treat intestinal lymphangiectasia
diet change, anti-inflammatories
52
what is the prognosis for intestinal lymphangiectasia
prognosis is variable
53
What causes a rupture of the thoracic duct
¡ Cause chylothorax ¡ Cytological aspect: ¡ Often idiopathic (other: neoplasia, HWD, heart failure)
54
What is a portosystemic shunt
¡ Anomalous vessels that allow normal portal blood (from GIT) to pass directly into the systemic circulation without first passing through the liver ¡ Congenital or acquired (older) ¡ Failure to thrive, poor weight gain, and small body stature ÷ Seizure-like episodes after a meal ¡ Some can be treated with surgery

Pathology (10 decks)

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