Lecture 8: Muscoskeletal Diseases Flashcards by sara sunflower

what causes bone fractures

Trauma
Nutrient deficiencies
Neoplasm
Hormonal imbalance
Infection

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how do you classify bone fractures

Open vs closed

Complete vs incomplete

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describe a linear fracture

Linear: incomplete, parallele to bone

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describe a greenstick fracture

incomplete, bent

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describe a comminuted fracture

multiple bone fragments

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describe a compression fracture

collapse of vertebra

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describe an avulsion fracture

loss of section of bone due to muscle contraction

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how do you diagnose a bone fracture

History, signs: severe lameness, pain, crepitus on palpation

Radiographs

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what can bone fractures be associated with

If the result of trauma  Can be associated with more severe damage!
Shock, internal organ damage, internal bleeding

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how do you initially manage a bone fracture

Initial management: immobilization
Reduces pain
Reduces trauma to soft tissue
Closed fractures (2-4 days), open (8h; 24-48h)

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how do you repair a bone fracture

External coaptation: splint or cast
External fixation
Internal fixation: plates, screws, nails, pins, wires

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what factors are to be considered when treating a bone fracture

Fracture
Patient
Environment

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what is important to remember about a splint or cast repair

Splints need frequent evaluations and changes
complications may result in a longer overall healing period
whereas some fixation methods improve the chance of successful outcomes without demanding post-operative care.

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what is panosteitis

Acute, self-limiting condition in quickly growing animals
Pain & inflammation
In long bones
Most common in large and giant dog breeds

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what causes panosteitis

Unknown (idiopathic)
Genetic
Stress
Autoimmune factors

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what are the clinical signs of panosteitis

Acute lameness in young animals
Often shifting lameness, intermittent
May be associated with muscle atrophy
Fever, anorexia, lethargy

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how do you diagnose panosteitis

History, signs, PE
Radiographs (may be NSF if acute)
Rule out more serious causes

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how do you treat panosteitis

Palliative
Pain relief
Review diet
Excessive development contributes to this disorder

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what is degenerative joint disease

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Progressive, long-term deterioration of the joint cartilage, causing damage
Frequent in dogs and cats

what causes degenerative joint disease

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Age
Infection
Trauma
Developmental dystrophies
Obesity
Autoimmune conditions

what are the clinical signs of degenerative joint disease

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Lameness
Worst with exercise, weather changes, inactivity
Muscle atrophy
Joint inflammation and crepitus
Decrease in activity, gait change

how do you diagnose degenerative joint disease

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history and PE

radiographs

describe degenerative joint disease

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Narrowed joint space
Bone sclerosis
Osteophytes
Joint effusion

Non-inflammatory

Severity of lesion not indicative of pain

how do you treat degenerative joint disease

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Palliative
Weight loss
Pain management (monitoring)
Low impact exercise
Specialized diets
Physical therapy
Surgery
Joint replacement or excision

what is hip dysplasia

``` Very common ☹ Abnormal development of coxofemoral joint Joint laxity Leads to DJD Most common in large breeds ```

what causes hip dysplasia

Genetic | Extra nutrients in diet

what are the clinical signs of hip dysplasia

Variable Lameness, bunny hop Reduced range of motion Muscle atrophy

how do you diagnose hip dysplasia

History & PE Subluxation test Radiographs Special protocols: OFA, PennHIP

how do you treat hip dysplasia

``` Medical management Surgical options TPO (triple pelvis osteotomy) THR (total hip replacement) FHO (femoral head osteotomy) ```

what is osteochondritis dissecans

Results from abnormal bone formation from cartilage precursors. Leads to retention of excessive cartilage in the joint Forms flaps and breaks off in joint space Debris can lead to synovitis and osteoarthritis

what are the most common sites of osteochondritis dissecans

``` Shoulder Elbow Stifle Tarsal joint Most common in large and giant breeds ```

what are the clinical signs of osteochondritis dissecans

4-8 mo old Lameness Inflammation, joint effusion Muscle atrophy

how do you diagnose osteochondritis dissecans

Signs and history, PE Radiographs Cytology to rule out infectious Arthroscopy

how do you treat osteochondritis dissecans

Removal of joint debris + curette to stimulate new formation of cartilage NSAIDS Weight control Prognosis depends on joint (+: shoulder, stifle; -: elbow, tarsus) and degree of damage Likely genetic so stop breeding

what is patellar luxation

``` Patella no longer stays confined to femoral groove Medial or lateral movement Can be uni or bilateral Can lead to osteoarthritis Toy and small breeds Mostly genetics ```

what are the clinical signs of patellar luxation

Can develop very early Skipping lameness Abnormal leg position: bow legged or knock-kneed Rarely painful

how do you diagnose patellar luxation

History, Signs, PE Orthopedic exam Radiographs to evaluate changes

when do you do surgery for patellar luxation

If animal symptomatic Considered for grade 2 and over Reconstruction of soft tissue and groove (mostly)

what is a cranial cruciate ligament rupture

Most common causes of hindlimb lameness | Tear or rupture of stifle stabilisation ligament

what causes CCL

Trauma Autoimmune disease Conformational deformity (genetic) 40-60% of dogs that have CCL in one knee will, at some future time, develop a similar problem in the other knee.

what are the clinical signs for CCL

``` Lameness, non-weight bearing Pain Joint effusion Muscle atrophy Drawer sign: Radiographs ```

how do you treat CCL

``` Medical Weight loss, Physical therapy NSAID, analgesics, joint supplements Surgical Best treatment option Done to restore stability, not repair Osteotomy or suture technique ```

what is intervertebral disk disease

Degeneration and protrusion of the disk located between the vertrebra Puts pressure on spinal cord, causing CNS signs

which animals are genetically pre-disposed to intervertebral disk disease

Genetic predisposition in chondrodystrophic dogs | Dachshunds, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Apsos, Basset, Corgis, Beagles, Cocker

what are the clinical signs of IVDD

Neck and back pain Muscle spasm (stiff, round back) Ataxia, paraplegia, toe knuckling

how do you diagnose IVDD

History, signs and PE Neurological exam Radiographs/CT

how do you treat IVDD

Conservative treatment with cage rest, confinement, and pain medications first episode and the neurologic deficits are mild Surgery More severe cases Loss of deep sensation requires emergency surgery Prognosis is variable

Lecture 8: Muscoskeletal Diseases Flashcards

(47 cards)