What are the 5 main functions of core muscles
Balance/posture, Valsalva, proprioception, respiration, circulation
Where is the erector spinae Spinalis located
Interconnects thoracic and cervical spinous processes. most medial of the erector spinae
Where is the erector spinae Longissimus located
Inserts onto TVP and angles of ribs (capitis protion inserts onto mastoid process) Middle of erector spinae
Where is the erector spinae Iliocostalis located
From the iliac crest up to the ribs. Most lateral of erector spinae
Where is the semispinalis located
In the upper 1/2 of the vertebral column, they span 5-8 vertebrae from SP to TVP
Where is the multifidus located
They span 3-4 vertebrae from SP to TVP and is thickest over sacrum
Where are the rotatores located
They span 1-2 vertebrae SP to TVP throughout the spine
Where are the intertransverse and interspinous muscles located
They span TVP to TVP and SP to SP, respectively
Where is the splenius capitis located
Origin: Lower portion of nuchal ligament and SP C3-T3
Insertion: Superior nuchal line and mastoid processes
Where is the splenius cervicis located
Origin: SP T3-T6
Insertion: TVP C2-C4
What is the action of the Splenius
Acting bilaterally they extend the head and neck. unilaterally, they rotate and laterally bend head and neck.
What is the action of the erector spinae muscles
Bilaterally: stabilize and extend vertebral column
Unilaterally: ipsilaterally side-bend and rotate vertebral column
What is the action of the transversospinalis muscles
Bilaterally: extend vertebral column and maintain posture
unilaterally: side bending of the vertebral column
What is the action of the rotatores
They only help rotate vertebral segments because they are too short to do anything else
What is the innervation of the deep back muscles
Posterior rami of spinal nerves
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the inferior oblique
O: Spine of axis
I: TVP of Atlas
A: ipsilateral rotation of the head
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the superior oblique
O: TVP of atlas
I: Occiput
A: Extend head
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior major
O: Spine of axis
I: Occiput
A: Extend and rotate head
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior minor
O: Posterior tubercle of atlas
I: Occiput
A: Extend head
What is the innervation of the suboccipital muscles
Posterior ramus of C1 (a purely motor nerve)
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis anterior and lateralis
O: Atlas TVP
I: occiput
A: flex and laterally flex head, stabilize atlanto occipital joint
What is the origin, insertion, and action of the longus colli and capitis
O: Lower cervical bodies and TVP’s
I: Upper cervical bodies, TVP’s, and the occiput
A: flex head, neck
What is the innervation of anterior neck muscles
C1-4
What is a common pathology of the anterior neck muscles
They are often damaged in motor vehicle accidents
What is the origin of the scalenes
TVP’s
What is the insertion of the scalenes
Anterior and middle insert on the first rib, Lateral on the second rib
What is the action of the scalenes
Laterally flex the neck, raise the ribs
What is the innervation of the scalenes
Lower cervical nerves
What is the origin and insertion of the SCM
O: Manubrium, clavical
I: mastoid process
What is the action of the SCM
Ipsilateral: flex head
Contralateral: Rotate head unilaterally and flex head bilaterally
What is torticollis
Spasm of the SCM. It’s treated with physical medicine, and if all else fails, it is surgically severed
What is the action of the external intercostals
aid in inspiration by lifting ribs
What is the action of the internal intercostals
Fix ribs in place, help with precise contractions for singing or speaking
What is the attachment of the intercostals
Both attach from the inferior border of a rib to the superior border of the rib below it
What is the innervation of the intercostals
Ventral rami of Nerves T1-T12 leave the intervertebral foramina and travel along the costal grooves
What happens if abdominal muscles are slow to engage
The lumbar muscles end up getting overworked, and this can cause chronic low back pain
What supports the lumbar spine
The coordinate action of transversus abdominis and multifidus
What are the attachments of the rectus abdominis
Superior: xiophoid process and cartilage of ribs 5-7
Inferior: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
What is the innervation of the rectus and transversus abdominus, and the externa and internal obliques
Lower 6 intercostal nerves, the internal obliques are also innervated by ventral rami of L1
What is the action of the rectus abdominis
Compresses abdominal content and flexes vertebral column
What are the attachments of the external obliques
Superior: Ribs 5-12
Inferior: Anterior portion of iliac crest
anterior: abdominal aponeurosis and linea alba
What is the action of the external obliques
compress abdominal wall, flex vertebral column. Unilaterally, they ipsilaterally flex and contralaterally rotate vertebral column
What are the attachments of the internal obliques
Superior: Cartilage of lower 3 ribs
Inferior: Iliac crest and inguinal ligamnet
Anterior: abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
posterior: thoracolumbar fascia
What is the action of the internal obliques
Compress abdominal contents and flex vertebral column. Unilaterally, it ipsilaterally flexes and contra laterally rotates the vertebral column
What are the attachments of the transverse abdominis
Superior: Cartilage of lower 6 ribs
Inferior: iliac crest and inguinal ligament
Anterior: Abdominal aponeurosis to linea alba
Posterior: thoracolumbar fascia
What is the action of the transverse abdomens
Compress abdominal contents
What are the attachments of the quadratus lumborum
Superior: 12th rib and TVP L1-5
Inferior: iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
What is the innervation of the quadratus lumborum
T12 and L1-4 spinal nerves
What is the action of the quadratus lumborum
Unilaterally: Laterally flex lumbar spine and elevate hip
Bilaterally: extend vertebral column and fix 12th rib during respiration
What are the attachments of the iliopsoas
Superior: TVP’s and vertebral bodies of L1-5 (psoas major) and iliac fossa (iliacus)
Inferior: lessor trochanter of femur
What is the action of the iliopsoas
Flex the hips or lumbar spine
What is the innervation of the iliopsoas
L1,2 and femoral nerve
What nerves pass under and through the psoas
Tons. Femoral, genitofemoral, and lateral femoral cutaneous.
What are the attachments of the thoracic diaphragm
Muscle fibers radiate from a central tendon to attach peripherally to the inner surface of lower 6 ribs, upper 3 lumbar vertebrae and the xiphoid process
What is the action of the thoracic diaphragm
Contractions flatten to compress the abdominal contents and increase the volume of the thorax
What are the 2 main functions of the diaphragm
Contractions increase the volume of thorax to decrease the pressure. This draws air into the lungs and assists with lymphatic venous return
What are 4 of the pelvic floor muscles
Coccygeus, Levator ani which consists of pubococcgeus, puborectalis, and iliococcygeus
What is the function of the pelvic floor muscles
Support pelvic viscera and provide sphincter-like action to the urethral, vaginal, and anal canals
