lecture 8: religion, technology, and new approach

Question 1

what did galileo see when peering into the telescope?

Answer 1

• sunspots
• not all planets were perfect spheres (like plato said)

Question 2

einstein represents both internal and external factors

Answer 2

true

Question 3

there is a parallel with science and …

Answer 3

art

Question 4

what does not belong to herbert Butterfield?

1. external approach
2. correlation with archemedian theory
3. wrongfully accused as nazi
4. interested on what happened with physics and how it made modern science hapen
5. scientific revolution = physics
   6.

Answer 4

1. Interested in internal approach
2. correlation with aristotelian theory
   - tried to find moment in time when aristitelian theory was challeneged -> theory of impitus

Question 5

what things do not belong to Harold Innis?

1. internal approach
2. looked at science from the gutenberg press in terms of its mechanical components
3. before gutenberg, the gate keepers was the roman caltholic church THUS had small impact on the world

Answer 5

1. Internal approach -> he was using an external approach
2. he looked at the gutenberg press and how it influenced ppl at the time

important to note: Press started industrial revolution b/c it removed the gate keepers of knowledge -> free access to knowledge/communication

Question 6

how does the internal method work?

Answer 6

• scientists make discoveries without being influenced by social factors - look at the blueprints, mathematics, engineering ect

Question 7

“a way in which historians try to understand the past”. this is the definition of

Answer 7

historiography

Question 8

copernicus was the first to introduce heliocentrism. t or f

Answer 8

False: Aristarchus

Question 9

what was the reason why galileo was sent to house arrest by the holy inquisition?

Answer 9

Although he proposed that the sun was at the center of the earth and that we know this through the motion of the tides, he was unable to prove his theory -> dies in his home from house arrest

Question 10

what does not belong to Edgar Zisel?

1. external approach
2. looks at craftsmen and their importance
3. the little ppl who never became famous
4. scientific revolution was about famous scientists
5. craftsmen conducted real science
   
   1. theory
   2. experimentation
   3. actual work

Answer 10

4. scientific revolution was about the little guys AKA the craftsmen

Question 11

who were atributted to the mechanical universe?

Answer 11

Copernicus and Galileo

Question 12

why was galileo accused of heresy when he proposed the starry-eyed messenger? which of the answers below does not belong

A) his model was lacking god

B) he was against Aristotle and Ptolomy

C) mechines governed by mechanical principles and not by god

D) None of the above

Answer 12

D) none of the above

Question 13

scientia in latin means

Answer 13

knowledge

Question 14

the ____ was the first technology that removed us from nature

1. clock
2. printing press
3. telescope
4. none of the above

Answer 14

1. clock

Question 15

De revolutionibus orbium coelestium was written by whome? whats the significance about it?

Answer 15

Copernicus

• controversial text which went against roman catholic church
• book had enormous impact cuz of the printing press

Question 16

scientia represents a shift from science for the sake of science to science for the sake of …

Answer 16

money

Question 17

who was the first scientist to be influenced by the clock?

Answer 17

galileo

Question 18

galileo started the scientific revolution by questioning ancient laws of nature. t or f

Answer 18

False: copernicus

Question 19

list the 5 theories about the origins of modern science and technology. Just list them

Answer 19

1. thomas Kuhn - the structure of scientific revolutions
2. Robert Merton - puritanism and the rise of modern science
3. Edgar Zizel - the social origins of modern science
4. harold Innis - empire and communications
5. herbert Butterfield - the origins of modern state

Question 20

Copurnicus was trying to fix Ptolmey’s

A) law of motion

B) patterns of the stars

C) issue with gravity

D) Epicycles

Answer 20

D) epicycles

Question 21

what is the problem with external methods?

Answer 21

disregard scientific components -> talk about steam engine without knowing how it works

Question 22

what did marcel deuchamp made that was considerd art?

Answer 22

the “fountain” - also known as the urinal

Question 23

what does not belong with robert merton?

1. beggining of external approach
2. most important external factor is education
3. first to look at craftsmen and their importance

Answer 23

2. most important external factor is religion, not education
3. He isnt interested in craftsmen -> thats Zeizel

Question 24

galileo opposes Aristotelian logic and emphasized repeatable experimentation. t or f

Answer 24

True

Question 25

copernicus was considered a ____ (individuals who are trying to go back to greek texts and to understand what the alexandrians were telling us)

Answer 25

scholastics

Question 26

external methods is not associated with social constructivism. t or f

Answer 26

False. it is

Question 27

Galileo invented the first telescope. t or f

Answer 27

False! NOTE: he was the first to use a telescope to **look at the sky**

Question 28

copernicus was able to remove Ptolmey's epicycles

Answer 28

true

Question 29

after everything is considered, what is the scientific revolution?

Answer 29

period-evolution of natural philosophy into modern science

Question 30

at the time, questioning ____ would be like questioning the catholic church (something that Galileo did)

Answer 30

Aristotle

Question 31

\_\_\_\_ and ____ used a mechanical philosophy or world view

Answer 31

Galileo and Newton

Question 32

what are the 2 approaches to historiography?

Answer 32

1) internal (old) - nearly obsolete 2) external (new) - evolves into social constructionism

Question 33

copernicus argued for geocentrism. t or f

Answer 33

False. heleocentrism

Question 34

Which of the above do not belong to Thomas Kuhn? 1. external approach 2. interested in what scientists do in the labs 3. no such thing as the scientific revolution - we deal with a number of paradigm shifts 4. coined the term paradigm 5. coming up with a formula for how science happens

Answer 34

1. external approach -\> he takes internal approach Main things to remember: **paradigm shifts**

Question 35

external methods looks at social factors, religion, politics, that shape the development of science and technogy. T or F

Answer 35

True

Question 36

what is the problem with the internal method?

Answer 36

"inborn Genius" - ideas not coming from external factors -\> all coming from the head of a born genius (ex: Newton) everything exists in a vacuum

Question 37

who did galileo reference as simplicio in his play called 'dialogue' which was then interpreted as a insult to the pope or rome?

Answer 37

Ptolmey