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lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is attraction

A

immediate and positive emotional and/or behavioral response to someone

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2
Q

Behavioral attraction component of attraction

A

I would like to meet this person

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3
Q

affect component

A

reflecting the quality of one’s subjective response

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4
Q

Physical attractiveness

A

Very valued in people
People will look at attractive faces for longer
Across the board people who are more attractive get more attention
When given a choice, the hotter the better
Heterosexual men tend to value it more than women
This is because physical attractiveness in women is seen as youthfulness and fertility (genetic component)
This isn’t the case for perceptions of men

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5
Q

Physical attractiveness contributors

A

Symmetry, body size/proportions, facial attractiveness

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6
Q

What causes certain characteristics to be considered attractive?

A

Major contributors:
Biology
Culture

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7
Q

Sexual selection

A

evolution of adaptive traits to increase reproductive advantage

These can be detrimental to survival
Ie peacocks feather colors can attract predators, but female peacocks are attracted to the color

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8
Q

Theory of sexual selection

A

our mating behavior as humans reflects our preferences for traits that have been selected for

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9
Q

Parental Investment theory

A

Women have greater minimal obligatory investment when having children

women decide to have a child they are going through much more than men)

Women tend to be the choosier sex when deciding on a partner because consequences are much more severe

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10
Q

Sexual Strategies Theory:

A

Men and women face different adaptive problems in reproductions

Men want to spread their seed to as many women as possible
Men want to minimize commitment ,shorter relationships
Women are choosy and want a man that can give resources, can actually care for children

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11
Q

culture:Historically:

A

Female voluptuousness associated with femininity and fertility

Male masculinity associated with lower class
~Laborers and farmers

More recently
femininity-> skinny, sexuality without the ties of motherhood, career (sexiness for its own sake, whereas historically sexiness was viewed as wanting to bear children)
Masculinity and affluence associated with strength and muscularity

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12
Q

Male attractiveness (physical attractiveness)

A

Women rate appearance as less important than men do
However women report being more sexuality attracted to taller men
Correlated to the preference for males who demonstrate confidence, physical strength, and a powerful bearing
Shorter men are viewed as unattractive for both casual and intended long-term relationships

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13
Q

Women do have preference for muscularity

A

Men tend to overestimate the amount of muscle considered ideal by women

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14
Q

Women prefer more masculine men during the fertile period of the menstrual cycle and more feminine men during other part of the cycle

A

Meta analyses found that this finding is not as robust, and many studies failed to replicate the findings

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15
Q

Female attractiveness(physical attractiveness)

A

Men report being more attracted to younger women across cultures
Across 37 cultures, prefer mate who is, on average 2.5 years younger than them
Preference of youthful appearing features: full lips, clear smooth skin, clear eyes, lustrous hair, and good muscle tone
Larger breasts-signal reproductive maturity and fertility

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16
Q

However in the US, women overestimate:

A

1)men’s preferences for thinness in a mate
2)men’s preferences for large breasts

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17
Q

Waist Hip Ratio

A

Men prefer a women with a 0.7 waist to hip ratio
Waist to hip ratio: ratio of the circumference of the waist to circumference of the hips

On average, a female WHR of 0.7 is rated as most attractive by hetero men and lesbians

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18
Q

WHR Related to health:

A

Optimal ratio (for general health and fertility):
Women: 0.7
Men:0.9

Variation among cultures:
China: 0.6
South america and africa: 0.8-0.9 from front; 0.6 from side

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19
Q

Male attractiveness: Waist to Shoulder Ratio

A

WSR= circumference waist/circumference shoulders

Ideal waist shoulder ratio preferred by women and gay men is 0.75 or lower
Broad shoulder and muscles perceived to be associated with increased testosterone, masculinity

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20
Q

Facial Symmetry
theories

A

More facial symmetry is Indicator of genetic fitness
Genes are designed to produce to perfect symmetrical copies of us

Perceptual bias:
People prefer symmetry, because symmetrical things are easier to process

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21
Q

Facial Sexual Dimorphism
theory

A

preference for traits that best exhibit sexual maturation and reproductive fitness
For women: big eyes, small nose, small chin, full lips and prominent cheekbones, narrow cheeks, broad smile

In men: strong jaws and broad foreheads, slightly more feminized and baby faced men are more attractive too

22
Q

Facial Averaging

A

Evidence that people rate computer averaged faces as more attractive than non-average faces
Non-ordinary features might be associated with genetic abnormalities
Average is better

23
Q
A

Western beauty ideals are being exported
Across cultures, western beauty ideals are spreading
Cosmetic surgery industry
In 2016, there were 1.8 million cosmetic surgeries done
17.5 million minimally invasive procedures done
Ie: facials, microdermabrasion

24
Q

dark side of beauty

A

In culture where thinness is idealized, people associate being overweight with laziness, softness and weakness
Still a socially acceptable prejudice
Mixed messages about food and weight
Food culture
In canada more men than women are overweight, but more women than men diet
Canadian teenagers: 69% of girls would like to lose weight, 54% of boys want to gain weight
ED’s

25
Dutton and Aron (1974)
Male participants crossed either a stable bridge or an unstable one to meet female confederate on the other side Female confederate had them look at a picture and make up a story, gave her phone number in case any questions about the study Misattribution of arousal: misattribution of arousal from crossing the bridge as attraction to female confederate Conclusion: more men who crossed unstable bridge, called confederate (female) This is why viewing scary movies and doing exciting things increases attraction
26
Misattribution of arousal:
misattribution of arousal from crossing the bridge as attraction to female confederate
27
partner choice
When men and women are choosing sexual partners they are more alike in their priorities compared to choosing a marriage partner
28
When choosing a marriage partner there are some differences between what men and women prioritize
Men: 1)personality, 2)trustworthy, 3)attractive women:1)trustworthy, 2)sensitive, 3)personality
29
Key predictors of partner choice:
Proximity Mere exposure Homophily Similarity Matching phenomenon Reciprocal liking
30
Proximity
Greater attraction to those in closer proximity to us People who we find attractive are in our immediate surrounding Dating apps brandend range of proximity
31
Familiarity Mere exposure effect:
: greater attraction to the more exposure we have to them If first impression is negative, we tend to like them less and less
32
Similarity
Assortative mating: tendency to choose a partner who is similar to oneself on one or more characteristics Homophily: tendency to have contact with people equal in social status Same Ethnicity: the most consistent similarity for people in relationships
33
People tend to date in the same ethnicity Why?
One suggestion states People from certain ethnic groups live in same area, but there is also mixing
34
What about in vancouver?
Canada has 3.9% mixed unions(different minority groups together), but vancouver has the highest percentage of mixed union with 9.6% Conflicting views Non-whites make up half of vancouver Only 12% of ethnic individuals are in mixed unions In victoria, 37% are in mixed unions, in kelowna, 39%, vancouver is sitting lower in mixed unions
35
Of the population of ethnic minorities, there is actually fewer of them who are in mixed unions in vancouver Why?
As size of ethnic group gets bigger the intermarriage rate (marriage outside of ethnicity) actually goes down When people don't have to look outside of their group, they don't South east asians and east asians are the least likely to look outside their ethnic group
36
Matching phenomenon
We tend to choose partners who match us in quality People seek out relationships where there is a balance of rewards and costs Attractive people date attractive people Men and women have different mate value: For men this could be successful job, money For women this could be physical attractiveness, youthful Self-esteem plays a role
37
Reciprocal liking
We like those who like us and we dislike those who dislike us
38
Speed dating study:
Conclusion: when they find out their date reported higher attraction to them, they increased their own rating of that date
39
Sternberg's triangular theory of love
Love has 3 components: 1)intimacy Emotional component of love Giving or receiving emotional support 2)passion Physical attraction and drive for sexual expression 3)decision/commitment Decision: wanting to go into relationship Commitment: wanting to maintain relationship over time Commitment makes relationship last
40
Studies show that intimacy predicts the highest level of sexual satisfaction
41
Consummate love
people who experience high levels of all 3 components of intimacy, passion, and decision/commitment
42
fatuous love
high passion, high commitment, low intimacy
43
Romantic love
high intimacy and passion, lower commitment
44
Companionate love
high intimacy and commitment, low passion
45
Love can change over time, the most common shift is:
Romantic love->companionate love over time
46
Love as a story (sternberg):
we have ideas of what love should be/is like Contains characters, a plot, and a theme Sternberg identified 25 common love stories in america
47
Some examples of love stories:
War story love is a mystery house and home garden story People tend to be unhappy or leave relationships, when it doesnt match the story in their head
48
Romantic beliefs:
Notion of “one true love” 73% americans believe in soulmate Romantic beliefs associated with greater risk of relationship collapse People who hold these beliefs tend to have higher rates of their relationships ending
49
Arranged vs love marriages
Satisfaction in love marriages starts off high, then steadily declines throughout marriage In arrange marriages, satisfactions starts off low, then gradually increases throughout time
50
Predictors of long term relationship satisfaction
Feeling loved/appreciated Emotional closeness Sexual satisfaction (quantity, type, context, etc) Self-disclosure Ability to resolve conflict Skilled communication (relationship/sex) Mindfulness (being present, identifying and communicating emotions)
51
Communication
Communication is important for romantic relationships,sex included Poorer communication at the start of a relationship linked to relationship problems (breakup) later on Stable couples have on average 5 positive interaction to 1 negative interaction during argument
52
The 4 horsemen of the apocalypse (gottman) predictors of divorce:
1)criticism:attacking persons personality You’re so lazy 2)contempt: disgust and anger Intentionally insulting partner 3)defensiveness Complaining not addressing the problem 4)stonewalling Ignoring partner, withdrawing

350 m2 (5 decks)

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