Lecture 9

Question 1

Thigh

Answer 1

Hip joint to knee joint. Patella part of thigh.

Question 2

Leg

Answer 2

Knee joint to ankle joint

Question 3

Foot

Answer 3

Anything distal to ankle joint

Question 4

Pelvic girdle

Answer 4

Both hip bones.

Question 5

Purpose to lower limb

Answer 5

Primary purpose is locomotion. Less flexible, but, can still manipulate objects. Robusticity of bones and size of a joint is greater in lower limb due to load bearing in bipedal walking humans.

Question 6

Joint types

Answer 6

All joint are synovial except inferior tibiofibular joint (fibrous) and pubic symphysis (cartilaginous).

Question 7

Hip

Answer 7

Hip joint is where hib bone articulates with femur. Ball and socket

Question 8

Acetabulum

Answer 8

Cup that the head of the femur sits in

Question 9

Knee joint

Answer 9

Distal femur and proximal tibia (and patella). Hinge joint, but, when fully flexed, you can slightly rotate it

Question 10

Ankle joint

Answer 10

Distal tibia, distal fibula and talus. Hinge joint. As it’s always at an angle, it doesnt flex or extends. It dorsiflexes and plantarflexes.

Question 11

dorsiflexes

Answer 11

Lowering heel, raising rest of foot with toes pointing up

Question 12

plantarflexes

Answer 12

raising heel, raising rest of foot with toes pointing down.

Question 13

subtalar

Answer 13

Talus and calcaneus. Gliding joint. Talus is tarsal bone articulating with tibia and fibula. Calcaneus is the heel bone. They do inversion and eversion.

Question 14

Inversion

Answer 14

Turning sole of foot to face medially

Question 15

Eversion

Answer 15

Turning sole of foot to face laterally

Question 16

iliopsoas

Answer 16

Anterior to hip joint. Flexes it and is good joint flexor as it comes from a lot of muscle fibres. Comes from psoas major and illiacus as they pass under the inguinal ligament that demarcates abdomen from lower limb.

Question 17

gluteus maximus

Answer 17

lots of muscle fibres. Thick. Extends hip as it is posterior especially when flexed e.g running

Question 18

gluteus medius

Answer 18

Located deep to the gluteus maximus but positioned more superiorly. It abducts the hip joint, especially where its fibers run vertically and laterally. It plays a key role in stabilising the pelvis during walking, contributing a small amount of abduction each time you shift your weight

Question 19

Quadriceps femoris

Answer 19

Four headed muscle of thigh. Heads so big, they have own names.

Question 20

rectus femoris

Answer 20

comes from hip bone and extends down onto patella therefore, crosses two joints. Runs anterior to hip therefore, flexes it and anterior to knee therefore, extends it

Question 21

vastus lateralis, intermedius, medialis

Answer 21

wide muscles, only extends knee (doesn’t cross hip)

Question 22

biceps femoris

Answer 22

two headed thigh muscle. Passes posterolaterally down the knee.

Question 23

Semitendenous

Answer 23

Passes posteromedially down the knee. Looks like tendon.

Question 24

Semimembranosus

Answer 24

Passes posteromedially down the knee. Wide and flat like a membrane.

Question 25

Posterior hip and knee muscles

Answer 25

All of them attach to most distal part of hip bone therefore, extend hip joint and flex knee joint because they run posteriorly to the knee. Achieve both but in one motion.

Question 26

Gastrocnemius

Answer 26

Two headed muscle. Comes posteriorly from knee joint (therefore flexes it) and attaches to calcaneus via Achilles tendon (therefore, plantarflexes ankle joint).

Question 27

Soleus

Answer 27

Immediately deep to the gastrocnemius. Thin and wide. Does not cross the knee joint, only helps gastrocnemius form Achilles tendon therefore plantarflexes ankle joint

Question 28

Flexor digitorum longus

Answer 28

Flex interphalangeal, metatarsophalangeal joints. Plantarflexes ankle joint.

Question 29

flexor hallucis longus

Answer 29

flex interphalangeal and metatarsal joints of big toe, plantarflex ankle joints.

Question 30

Type of foot muscles

Answer 30

extrinsic muscles

Question 31

Tibialis Anterior

Answer 31

Passes anterior to the ankle joint, allowing it to lift the foot and dorsiflex the ankle. Because it also passes medially, it helps lift the inner side of the foot, contributing to inversion.

Question 32

Extensor digitorum longus

Answer 32

extends digits, Passing in front of ankle joint therefore dorsiflexes joint.

Question 33

Fibularis Longus

Answer 33

Runs laterally behind the distal end of the fibula and attaches at base of first metatarsal. Can evert foot and plantarflexion as it passes posteriorly to ankle joint.

Question 34

Cross section of leg

Answer 34

compartments are separated by intermuscular septa which are continuations of the fascia circulating the muscles.

Question 35

Walking cycle

Answer 35

Everything that happens between one foot touching the ground and the time the same foot touches the ground again.

Question 36

initial contact

Answer 36

Gluteals are activated to bring the hip into extension. Dorsiflexors work essectrically to lower foot to ground. Hamstrings work with hip joint to extend hip and the knee begins to move into flexion.

Question 37

Foot flat

Answer 37

Sudden moment of change where plantarflexors are activated to control close chain dorsiflexion. Knee extensors become active to control degree of knee flexion preventing it from buckling

Question 38

mid stance

Answer 38

hip joint continues moving into extension requiring hip flexors to work essentrically up until toe off. Ankle becomes more flexed. Plantarflexors work to push foot of the ground and propel the body forward. Knee moves into extension due to knee extensors.

Question 39

toe off

Answer 39

hip moves into flexion requiring concentric activation of hip flexors. foot has to return to neutral position, therefore dorsiflexors are working to clear foot off ground. Quadracepts work to flex knee

Question 40

mid swing

Answer 40

momentum takes over and gluteals work eccentrically controlling swing of moving limb until initial contact. Dorsiflexors work to clear foot off ground and prepare for heel strike. Hamstrings control momentum that extends knee.

Question 41

Femoral nerve

Answer 41

supplies muscles of anterior thigh. Emerges laterally Psoas Major, just after it passes the ingunial ligament, it fans into different branches going to the anterior thigh muscles. Where the femoral nerve passes under ligament, femoral vein and artery are next to it.

Question 42

Sciatic nerve

Answer 42

tibial and common fibular nerve. Tibial nerve innovates posterior thigh and leg muscle and plantar surface of foot. common fibular nerve branches and innovates anterior and lateral leg and dorsal intrinsic foot muscles.

Question 43

Vessels

Answer 43

femoral vein = deep venous system Great Saphenous vein = superficial venous system, drains into femoral vein.