NEEDS WORK

Question 1

Thorax

Answer 1

Supported by thoracic cage constructed of horizontally positioned ribs articulating with the vertically positioned sternum and thoracic vertebrae. Spaces between ribs are filled with tissue which contribute to the thoracic wall.

Question 2

thorax function

Answer 2

Protects thoracic and abdominal organs.

Conduit for structures passing from head/neck to abdomen

provides machinery needed for manoeuvres for inspiration/expiration for gas exchange

Question 3

Pulmonary cavities

Answer 3

Two lateral compartments. Contains lungs. Lined by parietal pleura which is divided into cervical, mediastinal, costal and diaphragmatic

Question 4

Mediastinum

Answer 4

Centrally located incl. heart, vessels, nerves, trachea, bronchi, oesophagus, lymphatics. Divided by pericardiu,.

Question 5

Thoracic cage components

Answer 5

1x sternum

12x thoracic vertebrae
intervertebral discs

12x pairs of ribs

12x pairs of associated costal cartilage which caps ribs

Question 6

Manubrium

Answer 6

Joins body of sternum creating the manubriosternal joint which forms sternal angle at T4/T5

Question 7

Body

Answer 7

Joins manubrium creating MBS and Xiphoid process creating Xiphisternal joint

Question 8

Xiphoid process

Answer 8

Joins body via XSJ which is an important midline marker for the inferior limit of thoracic cavity and heart boarder, superior limit of liver and central tendon of diaphragm.

Question 9

Manubrium articulation

Answer 9

1x suprasternal notch, 2x clavicular notch, 2x synchrondroses of 1st ribs, 2x half costal notch of 2nd ribs.

Question 10

Body articulations

Answer 10

2x half notch of 2nd ribs (other halves), 2x costal notches for 3rd-6th ribs, 2x half notch for 7th ribs

Question 11

Xiphoid process articulations

Answer 11

2x half notch for 7th ribs (inferior half)

Question 12

vertebral body

Answer 12

Heart-shaped vertebral body. Has costal facets on the sides for rib head articulation. These costal facets are only found in thoracic vertebrae (cervical and lumbar vertebrae don’t have them). This is where the head of the rib attaches.

Question 13

Transverse process

Answer 13

Wing shape with costal facets for rib articulation with rib tubercle.

Question 14

spinal process

Answer 14

long and slopes downwards

Question 15

vertebral canal

Answer 15

contains spinal cord

Question 16

Pedicles

Answer 16

Wall attaching lamina to vertebral body

Question 17

Intervertebral foramen

Answer 17

Where spinal nerves come out

Question 18

Zygapophysial joint

Answer 18

superior articular process plus inferior articular process

Question 19

vertebrae

Answer 19

Can articulate with ribs, costal facets where rib articulates, cartilage lined (synovial). Can be intervertebral

Question 20

Components of vertebrae

Answer 20

spinous process x1, transverse process x 2, superior articular process x 2, inferior articular cartilage x2.

Question 21

Vertebrae articulations

Answer 21

Lower and upper vertebrae articulate between superior articular process and spinous process. Ribs articulates with vertebra behind the articulation between superior articular process and spinous process which is how ribs get slanted shape. Ribs articulates with vertebral body and transverse process which allows ribs to be in a position so that when all the joints move, the ribs flare out to the side and widens thorax to decrease pressure allowing air to rush in.

Question 22

ribs

Answer 22

posterior position articulates with vertebrae while anterior/sternal end joins with cartilage connecting to it.

Question 23

Determining LHS and RHS

Answer 23

Costal groove is always inferior which is good for identifying whether LHS or RHS

Question 24

Body/shaft

Answer 24

Rib smoothens and continues anteriorly.

Question 25

Costal groove

Answer 25

For neurovascular bundle

Question 26

anterior end

Answer 26

little fossa for costal cartilage

Question 27

typical ribs

Answer 27

Ribs 3-9. Have head, neck, tubercle, angle, body

Question 28

Atypical rib

Answer 28

Ribs 1,2,10-12. Have variations in rib structure.

Question 29

False ribs

Answer 29

8th-10th costal cartilage attach to sternum via cartilage of superior rib

Question 30

Floating ribs

Answer 30

Ribs 11-12 have caps but do not join to sternum in any way

Question 31

sternocostal joints

Answer 31

Between sternum and costal cartilage of ribs

Question 32

costovertebral joints

Answer 32

between posterior rib and thoracic vertebrae

Question 33

costocorporeal joint

Answer 33

between rib head and vertebrae

Question 34

costotransverse joint

Answer 34

between rib tubercle and transverse process

Question 35

Intercostal spaces

Answer 35

Spaces between ribs. Labelled according to the superior rib number. Occupied by the constituents of the thoracic wall incl. muscles, membranes, vasculature and nerves.

Question 36

thoracic wall components

Answer 36

skin to endothoracic fascia (superior to pleura). Supported by thoracic wall muscles. Envelops neurovascular bundle which is sanwiched between two intercostal muscles

Question 37

Intercostal muscles

Answer 37

Fills ICS and provides structural support. Makes ribs move and cooperate to produce breathing manoeuvres. Pulls rib below upwards due to synchondrosis of 1st rib. Resists paradoxical movement of thoracic wall during breathing i.e when we increase thoracic volume, you decrease pressure without sucking the wall in. Sandwich also protects neurovascular bundle.

Question 38

External intercostal muscles

Answer 38

Most superficial. Fibres go L to R

Question 39

Internal intercostal muscles

Answer 39

Fibres go R to L. Layer of sandwich.

Question 40

Inntermost intercostal muscles

Answer 40

Fibres go R to L. Layer of sandwich.

Question 41

Neurovascular bundle