Lecture 9 Flashcards
bilingualism (19 cards)
What is the picture-word interference task?
A task where participants name a picture while ignoring a distractor word; semantic distractors slow naming, phonological distractors can facilitate it.
What are the stages of lexical access in Levelt et al.’s (1999) model?
Conceptual preparation
Lemma selection
Lexeme retrieval
Articulatory planning
What are the three processes in Hayes & Flower’s (1986) model of writing?
Planning
Translation
Revision
What are the four roles in Hayes’ (2012) extended writing model?
Proposer: Generates ideas
Translator: Converts ideas to text
Transcriber: Handles writing mechanics
Evaluator: Checks coherence and goal alignment
How does writing differ from speaking?
Writing is more delayed, planned, and explicitly learned
Speaking is more spontaneous, social, and natural
Can GPT write like humans? Why or why not?
No—it lacks goals, planning, self-evaluation, and generates based on probabilistic patterns, not true conceptual thought.
What is the use-based definition of bilingualism (Grosjean)?
Regular use of two or more languages in daily life, regardless of proficiency.
What are some common societal misconceptions about bilingualism?
That bilinguals are “semi-lingual,” or that early bilingualism causes confusion or delay—these are unsupported myths.
What are the key dimensions of bilingualism?
Age of acquisition
Proficiency
Use context
Developmental stage
Cultural identity
Learning environment
What is the associative disadvantage often seen in bilinguals?
Smaller vocabularies and weaker lexical access in each language; may affect verbal fluency
What is cognate facilitation (Costa et al., 2000)?
Bilinguals recognize and produce cognates (similar words across languages) faster due to shared semantics and phonology
What is the asymmetric switch cost (Meuter & Allport, 1999)?
Switching from L2 to L1 takes longer than L1 to L2, due to inhibitory control of the dominant language.
How do early bilinguals differ in switch cost (Costa et al., 2006)?
Early proficient bilinguals show smaller or symmetric switch costs due to better language control.
What did De Luca et al. (2019, 2020) find about the bilingual brain?
Bilingualism leads to structural and functional neural adaptations, especially in control networks, shaped by individual experience.
How does bilingualism influence the brain’s control systems?
Bilinguals develop neural efficiency in managing two languages, especially in executive control and attention regions.
In the Dual Route Model, the indirect (nonlexical) route is used for:
Reading non-words
Language switching in bilingual speakers refers to:
The ability to alternate between two languages in conversation
Which of the following best describes surface dyslexia?
A subtype of dyslexia that affects the ability to read words with irregular spelling
Studies on bilingualism and vocabulary size indicate that bilinguals:
Have similar or larger vocabularies than monolinguals when both languages are combined
