Lecture 9 Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
Consists of the skin and its accessory structures including the hair, nails, and glands
A
Integumentary System
2
Q
Exterior covering of the body
A
Skin
3
Q
Weight of skin
A
6 pounds in the average adult
4
Q
Coverage of skin
A
More than 3000 square inches
5
Q
Largest organ of the body
A
Skin
6
Q
Skin is supplied with
A
Blood vessels
Nerves
7
Q
Functions of the skin
A
Protection Prevents dehydration Regulates body temp Provides sensation Blood reservoir Excretion
8
Q
Three major regions of the skin
A
Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis
9
Q
Outermost superficial region
A
Epidermis
10
Q
Middle region
A
Dermis
11
Q
Superficial fascia
Deepest region
A
Hypodermis
12
Q
Composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five layers
A
Epidermis
13
Q
Cell types include
A
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Langerhan’s cells
14
Q
Function of the epidermis
A
Protection from external environment
15
Q
Produce the fibrous protein keratin
A
Keratinocytes
16
Q
Produce the brown pigment melanin
A
Melanocytes
17
Q
Epidermal macrophages that help activate the immune system
A
Langerhan’s cells
18
Q
Function as touch receptors in association with sensory nerve endings
A
Merkel cells
19
Q
Layers of the epithelium
A
Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
20
Q
Outermost layer of keratinized cells
Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
A
Stratum Corneum
21
Q
Another name for stratum corneum
A
Horny Layer
22
Q
Functions of the stratum corneum:
A
Waterproofing Protection Rendering the body insensitive 20-30 cell layers thick 40lbs shed in a lifetime Too far from blood vessels
23
Q
Between stratum granulosum and corneum
Consists of a few rows of flat, dead keratonicytes or are in the process of dying
A
Stratum Lucidum
24
Q
Another name for stratum lucidum
A
Clear layer
25
Stratum lucidum is present on in thick skin such as:
Palms of hands
Fingertips
Soles of feet
26
Thin, 3-5 cell layers in which drastic changes in keratinocyte appearance occurs
Stratum granulosum
27
Another name for stratum granulosum
Granular layer
28
Produce keratin and squamous cells flatten as they are pushed upward
Keratinocytes
29
Accumulate in the cells of the stratum granulosum
Keratohyaline
| Lamellated granules
30
Cells contain weblike system of intermediate filaments attached to desmosomes
Keratinocytes shrink but desmosomes hold in place
Stratum spinosum
31
Another name for stratum spinosum
Prickly layer
32
Cells abundant in th stratum spinosum
Melanin granules
| Langerhan's cells
33
Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
| Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes
Stratum Basale
34
Another name for stratum basale
Basal layer
35
Alternate name from stratum basale because cells undergo rapid division
Stratum germinativum
36
Cells found in stratum basale
Melanin
37
Beneath the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue
Dermis
38
The dermis contains
```
Lymphatics
Nerves
Nerve endings
Blood vessels
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Elastic fibers
Hair follicles
```
39
Cell types of the dermis
Fibroblasts
Macrophages
Mast cells
White blood cells
40
Role of dermis
Temperature regulation
41
Two layers of the dermis
Papillary
| Reticular
42
Arranged into microscopic structures that form ridges
| These are the finger and footprints
Papillary layer
43
Beneath the papillary layer
| It is a white fibrous tissue that supports the blood vessels
Reticular Layer
44
Superior surface of the papillary layer that contains peglike projections called
Dermal papillae
45
Dermal papillae contain
Capillary loops
Meissner's corpuscles
Free nerve endings
46
Reticular layer accounts for
80% of the skin thickness
47
Add strength and resiliency to the skin
Collagen fibers
48
Provide stretch-recoil properties
Elastin fibers
49
Composed of adipose and connective tissue
| Supports, nourishes, insulates, and cushions the skin
Subcutaneous tissue
| or hypodermis
50
Another name for hypodermis
Superficial fascia
51
Three pigments that contribute to skin color
Melanin
Carotene
Hemoglobin
52
Yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
Melanin
53
Result from local accumulations of melanin
Freckles
| Pigmented moles
54
Yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
Carotene
55
Reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin
Hemoglobin
56
The only pigment produced in the skin
Melanin
57
Greek for black
Melan
58
1 M1M1M2M2
Black Skin
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2 M1M1M2m2
Dark Brown Skin
60
3 M1M1m2m2
Brown Skin
61
4 M1m1m2m2
Light Brown Skin
62
5 m1m1m2m2
White Skin
63
Pigments which affects skin color
```
Cyanosis
Erythema
Pallor or blanching
Jaundice
Bronzing
Hematoma
```
64
Bluish hue to the skin due to heart failure or respiratory disease
Cyanosis
65
Reddish hue to the skin due to blushing, fever, hypertension, polycythemia
Erythema
66
Pale skin hue due to emotional stress (fear, anger), anemia, or hypotension
Pallor or blanching
67
Yellow hue to the skin due to liver disorder
Jaundice
68
Skin condition due to Addison's disease (adrenal cortex of the kidney hypofunctions)
Bronzing of the skin
69
Bruises
| Blood leaks out of capillaries due to trauma and clots under the skin
Hematoma
70
Derieved from epidermis but extend into dermis
Skin appendages
71
Skin appendages include
Hair and hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails
72
Of hard keratin
Corresponds to hooves and claws
Grows from nail matrix
Nails
73
Begins several millimeters into the finger and extends the edge of the white, crescent-shaped lunula
Nail root
| aka germinal bed or nailbed
74
Growth of nail occurs
Approximately 1mm per week
75
The under-surface of the nail plate has
Grooves that help ancher it
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Cuticle of the nail
Eponychium
77
Fuses the nail plate and the skin of the finger together to form a waterproof barrier
Eponychium
78
Under the free edge of the nail
| Creates waterproof barrier, fusing the skin of the finger to the underside of the nail plate
Hyponychium
79
Simply those that have curled down or around and are growing into the skin
Become swollen and inflamed
Ingrown nails
80
Derived from epidermis and dermis
| Everywhere but palms, soles, nipples, parts of genitalia
Hair and hair follicles
81
Threadlike structure formed by a group of cells that develop within a hair follicle or socket
Hair
82
Muscle attached to the side of each follicle
Stimulated by skin irritants, emotional arousal, or cold temperatures, and reacts by contracting
Causes goose flesh or pimples
Pilomotor
83
Bulb enclosing a loop of capillaries
Provide nourishment to the hair
Responsible for hair growth
Hair papilla
84
Cover the hair shaft like shingles on a roof, protecting it from the elements and chemicals, and from losing moisture
Transparent cuticle
85
Provides most of the hair's weight
Contains melanin
When cuticle is destroyed and this is exposed, hair looks dull and dry
Cortex
86
Inner hollow core that runs the length of the shaft
Medulla
87
Parts of the hair
Roots
| Shaft
88
Make up of hair
Hard keratin
89
Three concentric layers of the hair
Medulla
Cortex
Cuticle
90
Functions of the hair
```
Detect insects before they bite
Prevents heat loss
UV protection
Protects against trauma
Hair appearance
```
91
Types or hair
Vellus (shorter)
Intermediate hair
Terminal (longer, courser)
92
Hair growth (2mm/week)
Active
Resting phase
Controlled
93
```
Thinning - age related
Pattern baldness (alopecia)
```
Hair Loss
94
Hair color influence by:
Melanin
Hormones
Environment
95
Two kinds of melanin
Eumelanin
| Pheomelanin
96
Colors hair brown to black
| Has an iron-rich pigment
Eumelanin
97
Colors it yellow-blonde to red
Pheomelanin
98
Oil glands
| Have tiny ducts that open into each hair follicle
Sebaceous glands
99
Sebaceous glands secretes
Sebum
100
Function of sebum
Lubricates hair and skin
101
The amount of secretion varies with
Age
Puberty
Pregnancy
102
Occurs when duct is blocked by accumulated sebum and staphylococcus infection begins
Whitehead
103
When whitehead is oxidized and dries out
Blackhead
104
Sweat glands
About 2 million are distributed over the surface of the body, more numerous on the palm of the hands, soles of the feet, forehead, and axillae or udnerarms
Sudoriferous Glands
105
Entire skin surface ecept nipples and part of external genitalia
Sweat glands
106
The average person loose how much fluid each day due to sweat
1/2 liter of fluid (through sweat)
107
Types of sweat glands
Eccrine or merocrine
Apocrine
Modified apocrine
108
Most numerous
| Open through pores
Eccrine or merocrine
109
Axillary, anal, and genital areas only
| Ducts open into hair follicles
Apocrine
110
Examples of modified apocrine glands
Ceruminous - secrete earwax
| Mammary glands
111
Dermal Structures:
| Nerves
```
Meissner's corpuscles
Merkel's disks
Pacinian corpuscles
Ruffini's corpuscles
Bare nerve endings
```
112
Light touch
Meissner's corpuscles
| Merkel's disks
113
Deep pressure
Pacinian corpuscles
114
Deep pressure and stretch
Ruffini's corpuscles
115
Pain, heat, and cold
Bare nerve endings
116
Disorders of the integumentary system
Burns
Infections
Skin cancer
117
Catastrophic loss of body fluids
Fatal circulatory shock
Infection
Burns
118
Types of burns
First degree
Second degree
Third degree
119
Epidermis
| Redness (e.g. sunburn)
First degree
120
Epidermis and upper dermis
| Blister
Second degree
121
Full thickness
Third degree
122
Over 10% of the body has third degree burns
25% of the body has second degree burns
Third degree burns on face, hands, or feet
Critical burns
123
Tumors of the skin
Benign
| Cancer
124
Associated with UV exposure
Skin Cancer
125
Examples of skin cancer
Aktinic keratosis
Basal cell
Squamous cell
Melanoma
126
Premalignant
Aktinic keratosis
127
Cells of stratum basale
Basal cell
128
Keratinocytes
Squamous cell
129
Melanocytes
| Most dangerous
Melanoma
130
Recognition of melanoma:
Assymetry
Border irregularity
Colors
Diameter larger than 6mm
