LECTURE 9: Neoplasia Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
occurs when a group of cells becomes free of normal growth control mechanisms, grows without regard for the normal structural and functional aspects of a tissue or an organ and excessive growth becomes
autonomous.
A
Neoplasia
2
Q
Neoplasia literally means _______
A
“new growth”
3
Q
Neoplasia literally means “new growth”, and this tissue growth is called a ________.
A
neoplasm
4
Q
an abnormal mass
of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal
tissues, and persist in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus that evoked the change.”
A
Neoplasm
5
Q
Classical definition of a neoplasm points to it as
A
an abnormal mass
of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal
tissues
6
Q
From the neoplasia definition, three features are important:
A
1) it is an excessive tissue growth,
2) it lacks responsiveness to control mechanisms
3) it lacks continued dependence on the stimulus that initiated it
7
Q
is an abnormal mass of tissue due to an increase in the number of constituent cells
A
hyperplasia
8
Q
is a form of pathological hyperplasia
A
neoplasia
9
Q
difference between Hyperplasia and Neoplasia
A
Hyperplasia is a retrogressive change that is reversible and is responsive to growth control mechanisms
10
Q
a retrogressive change that is reversible and is responsive to growth control mechanisms
A
HYPERPLASIA
11
Q
Difference between hyperplasia and neoplasia
A
HYPERPLASIA
Function: - Functional purpose
Response: - Stops after removal of stimuli
Change: - Reversible
Control: - Regulated
NEOPLASIA
Function: - Non-viable purpose
Response: - Uncontrollably persistent
Change: - Irreversible
Control - Autonomous
12
Q
thought to be a malady of a mysterious
cause, the external appearance of which seemed to be being eaten away by small crabs
A
Neoplasm
13
Q
In the early days, neoplasms were thought to be a malady of a mysterious cause, the external appearance of which seemed to be being eaten away by small crabs. This observation led to the naming of the condition as _______.
A
cancer
14
Q
cancer, after the zodiac symbol for _______.
A
crabs
15
Q
the term has been associated with malignant neoplasms
A
cancer
16
Q
Another term that lay people use to refer
to neoplasm is _______
A
tumor
17
Q
Neoplasm is also called what?
A
Tumor
18
Q
It is a tissue swelling or mass that may or may not be neoplasm.
A
tumor
19
Q
Common usage of the word tumor, however, comes to mean what?
A
neoplasm
20
Q
It is the study of neoplasia.
A
ONCOLOGY
21
Q
this word is the basis of
oncogenesis and oncogenic, which relate to the induction of neoplasia
A
ONCOLOGY
22
Q
relate to the induction of neoplasia
A
ONCOGENESIS and ONCOGENIC
23
Q
Oncology is the basis of what?
A
oncogenesis and oncogenic
24
Q
Information on cell growth control mechanisms was derived from ________.
A
cell cultures
25
When normal cells are grown _________, they spread out to form a single sheet of cells (cell monolayer).
in vitro
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single sheet of cells
cell monolayer
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Growth ceases when the cells reach a certain population density where they remain quiescent but healthy. This mechanism is called ______.
DENSITY-DEPENDENT INHIBITION or CONTACT INHIBITION OF GROWTH
28
Growth ceases when the cells reach a certain population density where they remain quiescent but healthy. This mechanism is called density-dependent inhibition or contact inhibition of growth, and is governed by chemical messengers, collectively known as ________.
chalones
29
chemical messengers, collectively known as _______
chalones
30
They grow in haphazard fashion, piling up into multiple layers, and tend to grow until they have exhausted the culture media, with less responsiveness to density dependent inhibition
Neoplastic cells
31
When normal cells, as influenced by some factors, loses their innate characteristics and become ___________
neoplastic cells
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When normal cells, as influenced by some factors, loses their innate characteristics and become neoplastic cells, the process is known as _______.
NEOPLASTIC TRANSFORMATION
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Morphologically, Transformed Cells exhibit the following
characteristics:
1) May or may not resemble their cell origin;
2) Presents increased nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio, the nuclei being enlarged, hyperchromatic and may be multinucleated;
3) Chromosomes may present mitotic figures;
4) They lack orientation to adjacent cells;
5) Decreased rough endoplasmic reticulum and increased free ribosomes.
34
Besides morphological changes, Transformed Cells exhibit the following characteristics:
1) Transplantability
2) Immortality
3) Tumorigenicity
4) Antigenic changes
5) Karyotypic changes
6) Biochemical changes
35
will grow in tissue culture or in a syngeneic host
Transplantability
36
will divide and replicate indefinitely provided that nutrients required for growth are present
Immortality
37
forms tumors or tissue masses in syngeneic host
Tumorigenicity
38
presents altered surface antigens
Antigenic changes
39
although the observed changes are rarely characteristic of any one tumor, chromosomal damage or alteration
in base pairs may be basic to the induction of neoplasm
Karyotypic changes
40
neoplastic cells contain less cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and more cyclic guanosine monophosphate
(cGMP) than normal cells. The absence of normal enzymes or the presence of abnormal ones can occur.
Biochemical changes
41
neoplastic cells contain ___________ than normal cells.
**less** Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)
and
**more** Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP)
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are named according to the features of differentiation recognizable in histologic examinations reflecting their tissue origin
Neoplasms
43
Based on the tissue origin, the neoplasm could be what?
EPITHELIAL or MESENCHYMAL
44
When neoplasm with more than one neoplastic cell type are derived from one embryonic germ layer, they are called _______.
MIXED NEOPLASM
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mixed neoplasm common example is the _________.
mammary gland tumors in dogs
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proliferating epithelial tissue is intermixed with mesenchymal components, such as bone and cartilage
Neoplasm
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It is a neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer, and may contain any number of tissues of any type, including bone, skin, nervous tissue, muscle, hair and others
teratoma
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Teratoma is a neoplasm containing tissue derived from more than one germ layer, and may contain any number of tissues of any type, including what?
bone
skin
nervous tissue
muscle
hair
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teratoma is a neoplasm containing
tissue derived from more than one germ layer, and may contain any number of
tissues of any type, including what?
BONE
SKIN
NERVOUS TISSUE
MUSCLE
HAIR
50
Classifications of Neoplasm
1. Histogenetic Classification
2. Behavioral Classification
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It describes those that are relatively inoffensive, grow slowly by expansion, are circumscribed, do not undergo metastasis
and presents very few mitotic or apoptotic figures, and is rarely fatal.
benign neoplasm
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refers to those that are aggressive and potentially life threatening
malignant neoplasm
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They present infiltrative growth patterns, sometimes expansive, grows in size rapidly, have a high number of mitotic and apoptotic figures, metastasis is usually present, and the condition terminates fatally.
malignant neoplasm
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naming neoplasms
NOMENCLATURE
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naming neoplasms, both are used
HISTOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
BEHAVIORAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
56
Benign neoplasms carry the suffix ________.
-oma
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a benign neoplasm derived from fibroblast is called _________
FIBROMA
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Benign neoplasms derived from glandular epithelia are called ________.
adenomas
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a benign neoplasm derived from ________ is called fibroma.
FIBROBLAST
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Benign neoplasms derived from _____________ are called “adenomas”
GLANDULAR EPITHELIA
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This term refers to those with a solid lobular pattern of growth and those with
recognizable acini, ducts and tubules
ADENOMA
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Because the term “adenoma” is
nonspecific, the tissue origin is usually named __________.
e.g., adenoma of sweat gland,
thyroid gland adenoma,
or adrenal cortex adenoma
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neoplasms of epithelial origin if it forms cystic cavitations, it is called ____________.
CYSTADENOMA
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It is one that forms branching finger-like projections into the lumen
PAPILLARY ADENOMA
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is one derived from ducts
DUCTULAR ADENOMA
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ductular adenoma is one derived from _____________
DUCTS
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are neoplasms growing at the surfaces
POLYPS / PAPILLOMA
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Malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin are called ________.
SARCOMA
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Malignant neoplasms of __________ are called sarcoma
MESENCHYMAL ORIGIN
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malignant neoplasm of fibroblastic origin is called
fibrosarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm of _______ is called fibrosarcoma.
fibroblastic origin
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Malignant neoplasms of _________ are called carcinoma
epithelial origin
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Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are called
carcinoma
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when they form solid patterns
carcinoma
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those that form recognizable ducts; tubules or acini are called
adenocarcinoma
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Examples of adenocarcinoma
* squamous cell carcinoma
* adenocarcinoma of sweat glands
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Some neoplasms fail to mimic their tissue origin sufficiently for them to be recognized.
poorly differentiated sarcoma or carcinoma
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refers to the degree by which they resemble morphologically and functionally the tissues from which they originate
Neoplastic cell differentiation
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are usually well differentiated such that they resemble the tissue of origin both cytologically and architecturally.
Benign neoplasms
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they usually exhibit anaplasia
Malignant neoplasms
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failure of cells to differentiate or loss of differentiation
anaplasia
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one of the hallmarks and the most important morphologic feature of malignancy.
Anaplasia
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Anaplastic cells usually exhibit ____________
pleomorphism
84
where their nuclei become large,
hyperchromatic or vesicular, have abnormal shapes and may contain one or
more prominent nucleoli
pleomorphism
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may secrete mucus
glandular adenomas
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may produce hormones
endocrine adenomas
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glandular adenomas may _________
secrete mucus
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and endocrine adenomas may ________
produce hormones
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Functional activity is in fact one of the basis on which the origin of neoplasms
may be known
90
Is in fact one of the bases on which the origin of neoplasms may be known
Functional activity
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Functional activity examples
*melanomas produce melanin
*osteosarcomas produce osteoid *adenocarcinoma of thyroid produce colloid
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are generally noninvasive, usually grow by expansion, are localized, clearly demarcated from the surrounding tissue and are often but not invariably separated from it by the capsule or rim of normal connective tissue.
Benign neoplasms
93
Usually exhibit local invasiveness or
infiltration. They extend into and may cause considerable destruction of
surrounding tissues. They also have the potential to spread to distant sites not
directly adjacent with the primary mass
Malignant neoplasms
94
have the potential to spread to distant sites not directly adjacent with the primary mass, in a process called
metastasis
95
Neoplasms that metastasize are unequivocally malignant, and may occur
through
(CLEB)
coelomic spaces
lymphatics
epithelial cavities
blood vessels
96
Metastasis may go through via
(TIVEE)
transplantation
implantation
vascular invasion
embolism
exfoliation
97
enzymes that can degrade adjacent tissues
lysosomal hydrolases
collagenase
plasminogen activator
98
A study on cultured neoplastic cells suggests that _____ may be an important factor in invasiveness
motility
99
For metastasis to be complete, neoplastic cells must be able to complete the following steps:
1) Release from site of origin
2) Transportation
3) Lodgment at distant site
4) Growth and survival at lodgment site
100
be fatal even if benign
meningioma of the brain
101
Systemic Effects
Cancer Cachexia
Systemic Reactions
Hormone Production
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
102
The wasting of body mass occurring out of proportion to the
mass of neoplasm may be due to general inappetence resulting from the liberation of toxic products
Cancer Cachexia.
103
malabsorption, increased metabolism, and
chronic infection all contribute to the process.
Cancer Cachexia
104
. This includes fever resulting from tissue necrosis and
concomitant infection; Anemia caused by progressive blood loss from ulcerated areas, and the weakening of the body’s natural resistance due to tumor products, tumor cell invasion of bone marrow and lymphoid destruction. Opportunistic infections complicate the problem.
Systemic Reactions
105
. Some tumors retain their functional ability and secrete
substances that may cause disease in the host, in particular, endocrine products
from endocrine tumors. Functioning tumors of endocrine glands such as ___________ are known to produce hormones in excess.
Hormone Production
adrenal cortex and medulla, parathyroid, and pancreatic islets
106
. Some non-endocrine tumors produce ectopic hormones inappropriate for their tissue origin. When this happen, the clinical
signs and symptoms cannot be explained by the presence of the local tumor, distant spread, or functioning endocrine gland tumor, and such condition is
known as paraneoplastic syndrome. This has been reported to occur in both
human and animals, and the syndromes observed including the tumors
responsible for their expressions
Paraneoplastic Syndromes
107
Agents known to cause neoplasia are called
carcinogen,
108
The developmental process of neoplastic transformation occurring in cells is called
Carcinogenesis
109
Classes of carcinogens
A. Direct-reacting carcinogens
B. Procarcinogen
C. Initiator
D. Promoter or co-carcinogen
E. Complete carcinogen
110
– these are reactive substances that
require no activation by biologic processes;
Direct-reacting carcinogens
111
– agents that must be metabolized in the animal body to the “proximate” or ultimate carcinogen;
Procarcinogen
112
– these may be direct-reacting or procarcinogen, or may not be a carcinogen at all but are capable of initiating a change in the cell that leads to neoplastic transformation;
Initiator
113
- agents that then applied after initiation
promotes the development of tumors;
Promoter or co-carcinogen
114
– act as both initiator and promoter.
Complete carcinogen
115
Major Categories of Carcinogens
Physical Agents
Oncogenic Viruses
116
Physical Agents
ionizing radiation
Ultraviolet light
Trauma
117
causes mutational effect and damage the DNA in cells
Ultraviolet light
118
, such as burns act as cocarcinogen by increasing mitotic rates in the affected area.
Trauma
119
can produce tumors in animals.
Oncogenic Viruses
120
Oncogenic Viruses
five major DNA viral families as
papova-
hepatitis B-
adeno-
herpes-
poxviruses
121
are capable of producing neoplastic transformation
retrovirus family
122
Types of chemical carcinogens
NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSTANCES:
aflatoxin, nitrosamine, and cycasin, a plant alkaloid.
SYNTHESIZED CHEMICALS:
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, azo dyes, saccharine, and polyvinyl chloride
123
Theories in Carcinogenesis
1) Somatic Mutation Theory
2) Epigenetic Theory
3) Oncogene Theory
124
– This theory explains that damage to DNA
leads to transformation that could be heritable and passed from generation
to generation. Evidence for this theory includes the findings that most
carcinogens are mutagens and able to cause changes in the DNA
Somatic Mutation Theory
125
– The theory states that all cells contain the complete genome capable of producing the characteristics of malignancy, such as motility and the capability to multiply. Derepression of genes through
alteration of cytoplasmic proteins leads to dedifferentiation into a more
primitive cell type. Supporting evidence include the findings that even the
most malignant features (e.g., metastasis) do occur in normal cells (e.g., leucocyte emigration, trophoblast extension)
Epigenetic Theory
126
– This theory postulates that the oncogenes of transforming retroviruses are derived from normal cellular genes (called
proto-oncogenes) and their increased or inappropriate expression
contributes to neoplastic transformation. Molecular studies showed that all
retroviral oncogenes have hybridizing homologues (or close relatives) in
the genome of all normal vertebrate cells.
Oncogene Theory
127
normal cellular genesn called
proto-oncogenes
128
Factors Influencing Carcinogenesis
1. Host factors:
• Age
• Sex
• Hormones
• Nutrition
• Breed
2. Environmental Factors
• prolonged exposure to sunlight
• exposure of cattle to bracken fern
129
are rare in male animals
mammary tumors
130
are common in male dogs than bitches
perianal gland tumors
131
Among the canine breeds, _______ are notoriously known for developing all sorts of
tumors.
Boxers
132
are most commonly seen in German
shepher
Hemangiosarcomas
133
__________ in large breeds of dogs such as Great Danes, Saint Bernard and Irish wolfhound.
osteosarcomas
134
osteosarcomas in large breeds of dogs such as
Great Danes, Saint Bernard and Irish wolfhound.
135
neoplastic cells acquire new antigens
neoantigens
136
When the neoantigens occur at the cell surface membranes, they are different
from the major histocompatibility antigens (MHC), and are called
tumor-specific transplantation antigens (TSTA)
137
The TSTA’s of tumors produced by chemical
carcinogens are called
private antigens
138
The reasons why the
immune cells could not recognize transformed neoplastic cells as foreign could be explained by known immunologic phenomena as follows:
1. Blocking antibodies coat the tumor cells and prevent T-cell recognition;
2. Soluble tumor antigens block the specific receptors required for immune
recognition;
3. Tumor cells secretions may be immunosuppressive, as in the case of
onco-fetal antigen known as alpha-fetoprotein;
4. Tumor cell secretions may induct T-cell suppressor system that blocks
immune reactivity;
5. The TSTA’s may be poorly immunogenic or even non-immunogenic.
139
Kinds of Tumors
Papilloma(s)
Adenomas
Polyp
Hemangiomas
Lymphosarcoma
140
– usually occur on skin and may have a variety of forms from pedunculated to flat, smooth or villous.
Papilloma(s)
141
Example of papilloma(s)
warts or “kulugo”
142
– occur in glands
Adenomas
143
Examples of Adenomas
common in dogs as circumanal gland adenoma, sebaceous gland adenoma,
mammary gland adenoma,
thyroid gland adenoma
144
– a smooth, spherical or membranous mass projecting on a mucosal surface;
maybe broad-based or pedunculated.
Give example
Polyp
e.g., nasal polyp; rectal polyp
145
A common group of epithelial tumors in dogs is the ________ – derived from
the basal layer of the squamous epithelium.
Give examples
basal cell group
e.g., sweat gland adenoma;
sebaceous gland adenoma, hair follicle tumor (trichoepithelioma)
146
– common in the skin of dogs
Hemangiomas
147
– the proper term for malignant tumor of lymphocytes. It has been called various names such as, leukemia, leukosis, lymphoma, malignant
lymphoma, and lymphomatosis.
Lymphosarcoma
148
Lymphosarcoma has been called various names such as,
leukemia, leukosis, lymphoma, malignant
lymphoma, and lymphomatosis
149
– a clinical term for malignant cells circulating in the blood stream.
-
Leukemia
150
Also means that there are abnormal malignant cells present in the
circulating blood, and it may occur in about half of the cases of
lymphosarcoma, but this feature (of leukemia) is more consistent in
myelogenous leukemia.
Leukemia
151
– malignancy usually involving the granulocytic group
(neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and may also involve the red cells and the
megakaryocytes.
Myelogenous leukemia
152
are the proper terms that
can be used when non-specificity of lesion arising from the bone marrow is
described.
RETICULOENDOTHELIOSIS and MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER
153
Gross Description of tumors
Abnormal mass
Persistent non healing ulcerating lesion
154
– is the common descriptive term used for usually or greatly enlarged organ.
Abnormal mass
155
– ulcerated lesion particularly on body
surfaces.
Persistent nonhealing ulcerating lesion
156
Microscopic Description
1. Sheets of cells
2. Acinar arrangements.
3. Nest of cells
4. Palisading or trabecular patterns
5. Tubular arrangements-
157
– term that is used to describe a monotonous pattern of masses
of cells with similar appearance and very little apparent stromal support, just cell
after cell after cell.
Sheets of cells
158
– these are characterized by cells forming or attempting to form acinar units, as in a secretory gland like the thyroid or mammary gland.
Acinar arrangements
159
– are typical of endocrine tumors in which a clump or nests of cells
is surrounded by a narrowband of connective tissue stroma.
Nest of cells
160
– occur when cells line up in a picket fencetype arrangement along a strand of connective tissue, such as in the testicular
interstitial cell tumor.
Palisading or trabecular patterns
161
- occur when a single, double or finger-like projection of tumor cells invade surrounding tissue.
Give Examples
Tubular arrangements
basal cell tumors or anal gland tumors.
162
When there is little apparent stroma, stromal arrangements may be described
as:
• scant, as in sheets of cell
• Locular, as in the case of nests
• Scirrhous
163
Terminologies for sarcomas
1. Solid or loose arrangement
2. Whorls
3. Sheets
4.
Localized around blood vessels
5. Spindly cells
6. Fleshy cells
7. Well or poorly-differentiated
8. Monotonous
9. Variable
164
is prominent in many tumors, particularly in the center of a large mass,
and the tissue becomes pale and soft
Necrosis
165
Spread of tumors:
Invasion and Metastasis
166
Four main mechanisms for the spread of tumors
1. By infiltration
2. By spreading via blood vessels
3. By spreading via the lymphatics
4. By implantation
167
Two theories on the success of Metastasis
1. The Soil Theory
2. The Mechanical Theory
168
- This theory states that a tumor must find a “suitable soil” for its growth requirements before it will survive as a metastatic nodule.
The Soil Theory
169
- This theory states that the tumor will grow wherever it lands, and only
mechanical factors and chance influence sites of metastases.
170
Methods of Tumor Diagnosis
1. Histologic examinations
2. Immunocytochemical examination
3. DNA Probe analysis and DNA Flow Cytometry
4. Tumor Marker Detection
171
– the most important method
By biopsy methods- fine needle aspiration
By exfoliative cytologic examination
Histologic examinations
172
Histologic examinations method
By biopsy methos- fine needle aspiration
By exfoliative cytologic examination
173
Immunocytochemical examination
By use of monoclonal antibody
By us
174
Tumor Marker Detection
• Alpha fetal globulin
• Carcinoembryonic antigen
175
– detected in patients with hepatocellular
carcinoma
- abnormal antigen detected in blood of patient with neoplastic condition
- produced by fetal hepatocytes but normally disappears late in fetal life.
Alpha fetal globulin
176
widely used for cancer detection
particularly in respiratory and gastrointestinal tumors.
- Normally made by intestinal epithelium in
fetal life. Appear in adult life in events of
tumor.
Carcinoembryonic antigen
177
are genes whose products are associated with neoplastic transformation
Oncogenes
178
are normal cellular genes that affect
growth and differentiation
Proto-oncogenes (Proto-oncs)
179
Proto-oncs can be converted into oncogenes by:
• Transduction into retroviruses (v-oncs)
• - v-oncs – viral oncogenes
- c-oncs – cellular oncogenes
180
– viral oncogenes
v-oncs
181
– cellular oncogenes
c-oncs
182
Transduction into retroviruses
(v-oncs)
183
Treatment of Tumors
1. by surgery
2. by irradiation
3. by chemotherapy
