Lecture Chapter 2 + 3

Question 1

What are the four most common elements in the human body?

Answer 1

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen (then calcium, then phosphorus)

Question 2

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 2

Sharing of electrons

Question 3

What are the three types of hydrocarbon skeletons?

Answer 3

Straight chain, branched chain, ring

Question 4

What does Oxygen do in most molecules?

Answer 4

Creates a negative charge in that location, making the molecule polar.

Question 5

What charge does Nitrogen have?

Answer 5

Positive

Question 6

What are hydrogen bonds?

Answer 6

Charge-attraction bonds

Question 7

What is the term for when, in a molecule, one side is polar, and the other side is nonpolar?

Answer 7

Amphipathic

Question 8

What is a kind of molecule with a polar side and a non-polar side, and which is which?

Answer 8

Phospholipids (carbon chain side is nonpolar)

Question 9

What is a liposome?

Answer 9

Artificial membrane often used in drug delivery

Question 10

How many ions does the sodium-potassium pump move of each ion?

Answer 10

Three sodium ions out for two potassium ions in

Question 11

What percentage of human cells are made up of water?

Answer 11

60%-80%

Question 12

What are the seven properties of water, biochemically?

Answer 12

o	Regulates body temperature
o	Universal Solvent
o	Cushions 
o	Transports
o	Lubricates
o	High surface tension
o	Neutral pH

Question 13

What is the pH of blood?

Answer 13

Between 7.35 and 7.45

Question 14

What organs regulate pH?

Answer 14

Kidneys, lungs, and buffers in the blood

Question 15

What are the three types of mixtures?

Answer 15

Suspension, Colloid, Solution

Question 16

What are the properties of a suspension?

Answer 16

Large solutes or cells that scatter light and settle if mixture is not in motion (blood)

Question 17

What are the properties of a colloid?

Answer 17

Scatter Light but do not settle (gelatin)

Question 18

What are the properties of a solution?

Answer 18

Do not scatter light or settle.(soda)

Question 19

What are the properties of an emulsion?

Answer 19

Made up of polar and nonpolar substances, blend together for a short time when agitated (oil and water)

Question 20

What element do organic compounds contain?

Answer 20

Carbon (CO and CO2 are not organic)

Question 21

What four things do/can organic compounds include?

Answer 21

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 22

What is a polymer?

Answer 22

Chain of similar units (monomers are building blocks)

Question 23

How are polymers synthesized?

Answer 23

Dehydration synthesis (build polymers by releasing a water molecule)

Question 24

How are polymers broken down?

Answer 24

Hydrolysis reaction (addition of a water molecule to break the bond)

Question 25

What is the structure of Triglyceride(-lipids)?

Answer 25

Three hydrocarbon chains

Question 26

What is the structure of phospholipids?

Answer 26

Two hydrocarbon chains

Question 27

What is the structure of steroid(-lipids)?

Answer 27

Four rings with a carbon chain

Question 28

What is the structure of Eicostanoid(-lipids)?

Answer 28

Single ring with carbon chains

Question 29

What is the function of lipoproteins?

Answer 29

Allow interaction with plasma membrane

Question 30

What are the primary nutrients for supplying energy to cells?

Answer 30

Carbohydrates

Question 31

What are the properties of enzymes?

Answer 31

Highly specific, extremely efficient, and subject to cellular controls

Question 32

What are proteins in respect to amino acids?

Answer 32

Proteins are polymers of amino acids

Question 33

What is a good analogy for amino acids and proteins?

Answer 33

Cooking ingredients

Question 34

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 34

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another

Question 35

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 35

Every time energy is transformed, some of that energy is converted to heat

Question 36

What do drugs effect?

Answer 36

Metabolic Pathways

Question 37

What is the suffix for enzymes?

Answer 37

-ase

Question 38

How many enzymes are in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 38

At least 8

Question 39

What are the starting and ending products of the citric acid cycle?

Answer 39

Pyruvate is converted into to 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

Question 40

What are the three major steps of the electron transport system?

Answer 40

Electron carriers, H+ up its concentration gradient, H+ down its concentration gradient -- turning ADP into ATP

Question 41

What is the lipid that is most common in living things?

Answer 41

Triglycerides

Question 42

Molarity is the measurement for the number of moles per _____ of solution

Answer 42

Liter

Question 43

What subatomic particles are consistent among isotopes?

Answer 43

Protons and Electrons

Question 44

What molecules can be organized as polymers?

Answer 44

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Question 45

Prostaglanids and leukotrines are examples of lipids called _____.

Answer 45

eicosanoids

Question 46

What molecules are polymers?

Answer 46

Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids, Proteins

Question 47

What is the nitrogenous base of ATP?

Answer 47

Adenine

Question 48

What are the inner folds of a mitochondrion called?

Answer 48

Cristae

Question 49

What are the four stages of glucose oxidation?

Answer 49

Glycolysis, Intermediate, Citric acid cycle, electron transport system

Question 50

What molecules are involved in glycolysis?

Answer 50

2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 51

What molecules are involved in the intermediate stage?

Answer 51

2 NADH

Question 52

What molecules are involved in the citric acid cycle?

Answer 52

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 53

What are the two pathways to ATP production?

Answer 53

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 54

What is preferentially oxidized during times of fasting or starvation?

Answer 54

Fatty acids and proteins