Lecture Final Flashcards by Dr. Nic

How many carbon atoms are in an eicosanoid?

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What molecule acts as a buffer in the blood?

Bicarbonate

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When many water molecules form around a substance, water has formed a _________ around it.

hydration shell

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How many attached carbon rings do steroids have?

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Which molecules can be organized as polymers?

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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What are the functions of triglycerides?

Structural Support
Insulation of the body
Long-term energy storage

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What are the functions of proteins?

Serve as catalysts
Cause movement
Contribute to structural support

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What are triglycerides?

Lipids

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In the chemical breakdown of glucose, what is formed in the intermediate stage, the citric acid cycle, and glycolysis?

IS: Catalyzed by a multienzyme complex
CAC: Reduces FAD to FADH2
G: Substrate is glucose

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What binds to an enzyme to stop its action?

An inhibitor

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If further increases in substrate concentration do not result in further increases in reaction rate, than an enzyme is likely _______.

Saturated

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If oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to what?

Lactate

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A chemical reaction that involves both decomposition and synthesis is called ______.

An exchange reaction

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What is a biologically active catalyst?

An enzyme

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Most enzymes have the same suffix. What is it?

-ase

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What is the term for when a molecule gains an electron during a reaction?

Reduction

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What is the multi-step process in which organic molecules like glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are broken down to extract energy for ATP production?

Cellular Respiration

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If the rate of reaction leads to a net loss of reactants, what is the reaction considered?

Irreversible

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What are all of the decomposition reactions in the body collectively referred to as?

Catabolism

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What are all of the synthesis reactions in the body collectively referred to as?

Anabolism

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What are all the synthesis and decomposition reactions in the body collectively referred to as?

Metabolism

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What are the four stages of glucose oxidation, in order?

Glycolysis
Intermediate Stage
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport System

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What are the components in Glycolysis, the Intermediate Stage, and the Citric Acid Cycle?

G: 2 ATP, 2 NADH
IS: 2 NADH
CAC: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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What is moved with the Sodium-Potassium Pump?

Three sodium out for two potassium in

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What are the three components in the cytoplasm of a cell?

cytosol, organelles, inclusions

What are the proteins that bridge gap functions?

Connexons

What are the two major cellular passive transport processes?

Simple and Facilitated diffusion

What are the phases of mitosis?

``` Interphase (non-mitotic) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```

What three types of lipids make up the plasma membrane?

Cholesterol Phospholipids Glycolipids

What is chromatin composed of?

Protein | DNA

What is the coating of sugar on a cell's surface?

Glycocalyx

What is transcription, and where does it occur?

RNA is formed from DNA, in the nucleus

Where does translation occur?

In the cytoplasm

What are leukocytes?

White blood cells

What is the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone?

Medullary cavity

Which bones is the hard palate composed of?

Palatine and Maxilla

What is the step-wise increase in the force contraction of a single muscle fiber due to repeated stimulation called?

Summation

Most skeletal muscle fibers in the body are what type of fibers?

Fast Glycolitic

How does smooth muscle respond when stretched?

It contracts, then relaxes

Using more motor units to achieve an action is called...?

Recruitment

What movements occur at the glenohumeral joint with the contraction of the coracobrachialis?

Adduction and flexion of the arm

What cell structure do olfactory receptor cells have?

Bipolar

What does the "dark current" or photoreceptors refer to?

The entry of sodium and calcium

What type of receptor responds to stimulus only at first, getting used to it over time?

Phasic receptor

Back pain that radiates down the legs could be caused by which visceral organs?

Kidneys and Urinary Bladder

What is Horner Syndrome?

Sympathetic Disease, from stroke or nerve damage, that results in one pupil being restricted.

What disease results in cold and blanched fingers and toes in the cold and during times of stress?

Raynaud's Disease

What are the chemicals associated with the different tastes?

Sweet tastes are produced by organic compounds such as sugar or other molecules (e.g., artificial sweeteners). Salt tastes are produced by metal ions, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+). Sour tastes are associated with acids in the ingested material, such as hydrogen ions (H+) in vinegar. Bitter tastes are produced primarily by alkaloids such as quinine, unsweetened chocolate, nicotine, and caffeine. Umami stimuli: Umami (u'ma-mē) is a Japanese word meaning “delicious flavor.” It is a taste related to amino acids, such as glutamate and aspartate, to produce a meaty flavor.

What primary germ layer does the neural tube arise from?

Ectoderm

What are the prefixes of the primary brain vesicles, from superior to inferior?

Pro, Mes, Rhomb

Which division of the nervous system conducts impulses from proprioceptors, general senses, and special senses?

The somatic sensory division

Are the girdles part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

Appendicular

Someone steps on a tack. Which sensory pathway is being used to tell their brain what happened?

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) tract

A patient has a spinal cord injury at L1. He is unable to sense someone touching his toes, but he is able to move them. What is going on?

The posterior funiculus-medial lemniscus pathway is damaged, but the lateral corticospinal pathway remains intact.

Someone cannot release weights in a slow and controlled fashion. What mechanism is responsible for this?

Golgi Tendon Reflex

What is sensory and motor information conducted through in a reflex arc?

Sensory: posterior root Motor: anterior root

What are the parasympathetic responses of the vagus nerve?

Decreased heart rate | Increased mobility of GI tract

What is true of Nicotinic Cholinergic Receptors? 1. Excitatory Response 2. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons use them 3. They are activated both by acetylcholine and norepinephrine 4. They can be found in the adrenal cortex

1. Excitatory Response | 2. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons use them

True or False: Parasympathetic nerves have a short preganglionic neuron and a long post-, sympathetic have a long pre- and a short post-.

False

True or False: All parasympathetic and sympathetic actions oppose each other.

False

What kind of phasic tactile receptor is responsible for you not being able to feel your shirt after a few moments?

Root Hair plexus

What is true regarding olfaction? 1. Olfactory receptor neurons are amitotic 2. Odorants utilize G-protein signaling 3. Olfactory receptors bypass the thalamus and go straight to the hippocampus 4. Each olfactory hair has one chemorecpetor for one odorant

2. Odorants utilize G-protein signaling | 4. Each olfactory hair has one chemorecpetor for one odorant

True or False: Like odorants, all tastants utilize G-protein signaling.

False

What is the order of the following steps for lacrimation? A. Lacrimal Gland continuously produces fluid B. Fluid drains into lacrimal puncta C. As you blink, lacrimal fluid is washed across the eye D. Fluid drains into the duct. E. Fluid drains into the sac

A. Lacrimal Gland continuously produces fluid C. As you blink, lacrimal fluid is washed across the eye B. Fluid drains into lacrimal puncta E. Fluid drains into the sac D. Fluid drains into the duct. A,C,B,E,D

``` Which is untrue of a reflex? A. A stimulus is required to initiate B. The response is preprogrammed C. The response requires that many neurons are involved D. The reflex is usually not suppressed ```

C. The response requires that many neurons are involved

Which symptoms result after an injury to the conus medullaris? 1. Good chance of recovery after a year 2. Little chance of any sensory or motor function 3. Will experience pain 4. Bladder and Bowel dysfunction

2. Little chance of any sensory or motor function | 4. Bladder and Bowel dysfunction

Stepping on glass results in stimulation of extensor muscles or agonist muscles?

Agonist

``` Which sympathetic pathway is responsible for prolonged effects after a stressor? A. Adrenal Medulla B. Splanchnic Nerve C. Postganglionic Sympathetic Nerve D. Spinal Nerve ```

A. Adrenal Medulla

Which of the following occurs when acetylcholine binds to a nicotinic receptor? 1. Binding results in EPSP 2. Binding can occur only on ganglionic neurons 3. The toxin curare can bind and block nicotinic receptors in all locations 4. Binding results in IPSP

1. Binding results in EPSP

What is the name for the bumps present in shingles?

Dermatomes

Which are true of ALL spinal cord pathways? 1. All tracts are paired 2. All tracts involve at least two neurons 3. All tracts decussate at some point 4. All tracts' cell bodies are either in posterior root ganglia, grey matter of the spinal cord, or nuclei in the brain

1. All tracts are paired 2. All tracts involve at least two neurons 4. All tracts' cell bodies are either in posterior root ganglia, grey matter of the spinal cord, or nuclei in the brain

``` There is no abdominal muscle contraction due to stimulus after an injury. Where is the damage? A. Anterolateral Pathway B. Posterior funiculus-medial pathway C. Corticospinal tract D. Reticulospinal tract E. There is no damage ```

D. Reticulospinal tract

Place the steps of a reflex arc in order: 1. Interneuron processes the signal 2. Dendritic ending of a sensory neuron is activated 3. Motor neuron sends signal 4. A stimulus occurs 5. Sensory neuron sends signal to CNS 6. Effector restores homeostasis 7. Signal reaches gland or muscle

4. A stimulus occurs 2. Dendritic ending of a sensory neuron is activated 5. Sensory neuron sends signal to CNS 1. Interneuron processes the signal 3. Motor neuron sends signal 7. Signal reaches gland or muscle 6. Effector restores homeostasis

How does the parasympathetic nervous system aid in relieving elevated blood pressure?

It doesn't.

Where is stoic equilibrium detected? 1. Vestibular nuclei 2. In the utricle and saccule 3. In semicircular canals 4. In a macula

2. In the utricle and saccule | 4. In a macula

What is the term for regular vision?

Emmetropia