Lecture Chapters 12 and 13

Question 1

What are the branches of structural Organization of the Nervous System?

Answer 1

Central and Peripheral

Question 2

What are the branches of Functional Organization of the Nervous System?

Answer 2

• Sensory (Input)
  
  • Somatic and Visceral
• Motor (Output)
  
  • Somatic and Autonomic

Question 3

What are the structural classification of neurons?

Answer 3

Multipolar Neuron

Bipolar Neuron

Unipolar Neuron

Anaxonic Neuron

Question 4

Which neurons are unipolar?

Answer 4

Sensory Receptors

Question 5

Which neurons are anaxonic?

Answer 5

Interneurons

Question 6

Which type of neurons are afferent?

Answer 6

Sensory (ascending)

Question 7

Which type of neurons are efferent?

Answer 7

Motor (descending)

Question 8

What is the relation (in numbers) between neurons and glial cells?

Answer 8

Glial cells outnumber neurons 10:1

Question 9

What do astrocytes do/have?

Answer 9

Perivascular Feet

Blood-Brain Barrier

Calcium Reservoir

Question 10

What do ependymal cells do?

Answer 10

Allow nutrients to enter the brain

Question 11

What do microglial cells do?

Answer 11

Macrophages in the brain (Pathogen-killing)

Question 12

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 12

Mylenates Axons within the brain and spinal cord

MS attacks these cells

Question 13

What do neurolemmocytes do?

Answer 13

Myelinate axons in the PNS

Question 14

What do satellite cells in the PNS do?

Answer 14

Electrically insulate cell bodies

Regulate nutrient and waste exchange

Question 15

What is resting membrane potential determined by?

Answer 15

Unequal distribution of ions in the ECF and cytosol
Inability of most anions to leave the cells
Na+K+ ATPases (sodium-potassium pump)

Question 16

What are the four segments of a neuron?

Answer 16

Receptive

Initial

Conductive

Transmissive

Question 17

What kind of response do ionotropic receptors induce?

Answer 17

Open channels

Direct Response

Question 18

What kind of response do metabotropic receptors induce?

Answer 18

Indirect action

G-protien signaling

Question 19

What is the type of circuit involved in a reflex?

Answer 19

Parallel-After-Discharge circuit

Question 20

What enzymes synthesize and degrade ACh?

Answer 20

Synthesized by enzyme choline acetyltransferase

Degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase

Question 21

What neurotransmitter is involved with anxiety?

Answer 21

Decreased GABA activity

Question 22

Which neurotransmitters are cetecholamines (adreniline)?

Answer 22

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Epinephrine

Question 23

Which neurotransmitters are Indolamines (Pleasurable Activities)?

Answer 23

Serotonin

Histamines

Question 24

Which neurotransmitters are Neuropeptides?

Answer 24

Substance P (pain)

Endorphines (natural opiates)

Gut-brain peptides (somatostatin and cholecytokinin)

Question 25

When does gastrolation occur in a fetus?

Answer 25

21 days after fertilization

Question 26

What gives rise to the brain and the spinal cord?

Answer 26

The neural tube

Question 27

What is anencephaly, and what is the prognosis?

Answer 27

Missing large amounts of brain tissue Stillbrith or neonatal death

Question 28

What is encephalocoele, and what is the prognosis?

Answer 28

Brain material outside of the cranial cavity High mortality rate from meningitis

Question 29

What is spina bifida cystica, and what is the prognosis?

Answer 29

Failure of closure of the neural tube in the caudal region, resulting in protruding spinal cord Often accompanied by hydrocephaly Variable levels of disability, but treatable

Question 30

What is microcephaly, and what is it caused by?

Answer 30

Small cranial cavity Zika virus

Question 31

What is the most common type of brain cancer, and what cells does it affect?

Answer 31

Malignant Glioma Astrocytes

Question 32

What is the other name for neurolemmocytes?

Answer 32

Schwann Cells

Question 33

What are the two mylenation defects, and where in the nervous system do they occur?

Answer 33

MS: CNS Buillain Barre Syndrome: PNS

Question 34

How do microglia function?

Answer 34

Moving to the area needing attention (macrophaging)

Question 35

What axons can regenrate?

Answer 35

PNS axons, but it depends on amount of damage, and distance from structure it innervates

Question 36

What are the steps in axon regeneration?

Answer 36

* Axon severed * Proximal end sealed off by membrane fusion * Neurilemma and endoneurium form * Axon regenerated at 2-5mm per day * Innervation restored

Question 37

When is the inactivation of Na+ channels?

Answer 37

During the refractory period

Question 38

What kinds of channels are on the different segments of neurons?

Answer 38

* Receptive: chemically-gated channels, production of graded potentials, K⁺ and Cl^- * Initial: axon hillock: voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ * Conductive: voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ * Transmissive: Ca²⁺ pump and voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels

Question 39

What are postsynaptic potentials?

Answer 39

Graded potentials in postsynaptic neurons

Question 40

What does the degree of change in the RMP depend on?

Answer 40

Amount of neurotransmitter bound

Question 41

What is spacial summation?

Answer 41

Multiple Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations

Question 42

What is temporal Summation?

Answer 42

Single Presynaptic neuron repreatedly releases neurotransmitter at one location

Question 43

A new drug has been discovered (a competitive agonist) that binds with higher affinity and resultls in stronger activation of metabotropic ACh receptors on the receptive segment of a neuron. Which results could be seen because of the drug?

Answer 43

1) Potassium Channels Opening 2) G protein activation 4) Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

Question 44

When does spina bifida occur?

Answer 44

21 days

Question 45

What cells produce CSF?

Answer 45

Ependymal cells

Question 46

What is the Chiari malformation?

Answer 46

Cerebellum "sucked down" into the spinal cavity due to spina bifida

Question 47

What are cerebral (basal) nuclei?

Answer 47

* Distinct masses of grey matter in each cerebral hemisphere * Tracts of cerebral white matter

Question 48

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

Answer 48

Intellect, complex learning, recall, personality, **ability to anticipate consequences of events**

Question 49

What makes up the diencephalon?

Answer 49

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus

Question 50

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

Answer 50

Homeostasis

Question 51

What is the cause of SAD

Answer 51

Irregular hypothalamus function

Question 52

What is the main function of the cerebellum?

Answer 52

Fluidity of movement

Question 53

What is the main function of the limbic system?

Answer 53

Emotion

Question 54

What is the main function of the reticular formation?

Answer 54

Focus on a specific conversation in a crowded room

Question 55

What are the folds of the cerebellar cortex called?

Answer 55

Folia

Question 56

The cerebellum is the ____ largest part of the brain.

Answer 56

Second