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Microbiology > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Microorganisms?

A

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

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2
Q

What do Microorganisms do?

A

breakdown organic waste, producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis, produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone, produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread, manufacturing (cellulase) and treatment (insulin) a few are pathogenic.

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3
Q

What do Microorganisms allow humans to do?

A

prevent food spoilage ( refrigerator, use of chemicals), prevent disease occurrence, led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

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4
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

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5
Q

What two names each organism have?

A

genus and specific epithet.

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6
Q

How to identify scientific names?

A

italicized or underlined. scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet

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7
Q

What do Bacteria have?

A

Prokaryotes (no nucleus), cell walls, Binary fission, use organic chemicals inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy.

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8
Q

What do Viruses have?

A

Acellular, Consist DNA or RNA core, core is surrounded by protein coat, coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell. Not a living organisms.

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9
Q

Classification of Microorganisms

A

THREE DOMAINS: Bacteria and Archaea (both are prokaryote) Eukarya under this (protists, fungi, plants, Animals) they all have nuclues

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10
Q

Who was first life on Earth?

A

bacteria

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11
Q

When was microbes first observed?

A

1673

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12
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, cell is the smallest unit of life

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13
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a vital force forms life.

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14
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

living organism arise from preexisting life

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15
Q

Example: 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat

A

Conditions: three jars covered with fine net. Results: no maggots
Condition: three open jars. Results: maggot appeared.
Biogenesis occurred

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16
Q

Example:1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

A

Conditions:Nutrient broth heated then placed in sealed flask
Results: Microbial growth
Spontaneous generation because flask was not sanitized

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17
Q

Example: 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in Flasks.

A

Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed.
Result: No microbial
biogenesis but did not convince everyone

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18
Q

Example: 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

A

Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed - flask remains upright
Results: No microbial growth
Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed- flask tilted
Results: Microbial growth
Biogenesis

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19
Q

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

1857-1914

Pasteur’s work, discoveries include the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.

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20
Q

What is Pasteur show?

A

microbes are responsible for fermentation, fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food, demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

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21
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

the application of a high heat for a short time

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22
Q

Why did Joseph Lister use chemical disinfectant?

A

to prevent surgical wound infections.

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23
Q

What did Robert Koch prove?

A

bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, to prove that specific microbe causes a specific disease

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24
Q

The use of Vaccination

A

1769: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.

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25
What can Bacteria do for human welfare?
recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.
26
What can Bacteria do in Bioremediation?
degrade organic matter in sewage and degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oils and mercury.
27
What are Biological insecticides?
Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission.
28
What is Biotechnology?
the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old.
29
What is Genetic engineering?
is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.
30
What are microbes on human bodies?
Microbiota, normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens and produce vitamins.
31
What are Infectious Diseases?
a pathogen overcomes that host's resistance, disease results. Emerging infectious diseases (EID): new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence. (HIV, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Avian Influenza)
32
Explain the difference between abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) and biogenesis?
living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a vital force forms life and living organism arise from preexisting life.
33
Describes Louis Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment and explain what it proves?
Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed - flask remains upright Results: No microbial growth Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed- flask tilted Results: Microbial growth Proves: Biogenesis microorganisms are present in the air
34
Give 5 ways in which microorganisms benefit humankind?
Fermentation, recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals, Microbial ecology, degrade organic matter in sewage and degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oils and mercury,to prevent surgical wound infections, Vaccinations
35
Give 2 ways in which microorganisms harm humankind?
infectious disease, pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance
36
Describe 3 Pasteurs accomplishments?
microbes are responsible for fermentation, fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food
37
What is microscopy?
a simple microscope that has only one lens
38
What does shorter wavelengths provide?
greater resolution
39
What is resolution?
ability of the lenses to distinguish two points
40
What is the refractive index?
the light-bending the ability of a medium
41
What is the Brightfield illumination?
dark objects are visible against a bright background
42
What is the Darkfield illumination?
light objects are visible against a dark background
43
What is the Phase-Contrast Microscopy?
accentuates DIFFRACTION of the light that passes through a specimen
44
What is Fluorenscence Microscopy?
- uses UV light - very sensitive - tool to identify unknown organisms or proteins
45
What is Confocal Microscopy?
- uses fluorochromes and a laser light | - laser illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce a 3-D image
46
What is Electron Microscopy?
- uses electrons instead of light | - shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution
47
What is Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
- ultrathin sections of specimens | - electrons goes through in slices (must be stained with heavy metal)
48
What is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)?
- scans surface of the object
49
What is Scanning-Probe Microscopy?
- scanning tunneling microscopy uses a metal probe to scan a specimen - resolution 1/100
50
What is a Smear?
- a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide | - usually fixed to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes
51
Are stains charged?
yes, positively (cation) and negatively (anion)
52
What is Negative stain?
Cells not stained but background is stained
53
What is positive stain?
if it sticks through the stain
54
What is a simple stain?
use of a single basic dye
55
What is a gram stain?
classifies bacteria into gram- positive or gram-negative
56
How can gram-positive stains killed?
tend to be killed by penicillin and detergents
57
What are gram-negative stains resistant to?
antibiotics
58
What are acid fast stains?
hold on to the color even if it is soaked in acid
59
What are non-acid-fast cells?
do not hold on to the stain
60
What are special stains?
- negative staining is useful for capsules | - heat or time is required to drive a stain into endospores
61
What does a flagella stain require?
mordant to make the flagella wide enough to see
62
Prokaryotes come from what Greek word?
prenucleus
63
Eukaryotes come from what Greek word?
true nucleus
64
does prokaryotes have histones?
no
65
does eukaryotes have histones?
yes
66
What are characteristics of prokaryotes?
- one cellular chromosome, not in a membrane - no histones - no membrane-bound organelles - peptidoglycan cell walls - binary fission (divide into two)
67
What are characteristics of eukaryotes?
- paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane - histones used to wrap DNA - organelles - polysaccharide cell walls - mitotic spindle
68
What is the average size of prokaryotes?
0.2-1 um x 2-8 um
69
What are the three basic types of prokaryotes?
1. coci- 2um 2. rod- 2um 3. spiral- 5um
70
What are unusual shapes?
- star-shaped Stella | - square Haloarcula
71
What shape do MOST bacterias have?
MONOMORPHIC (one shape only)
72
What shape do FEW bacterias have?
PLEOMORPHIC (can change shape)
73
What is an example of bacteria that can change shape?
C. Xerosis
74
What does diplo mean?
pair
75
What does staphylo mean?
cluster
76
What does strep mean?
chains
77
What is Glycolyx?
- sugary covering - outside cell wall - usually sticky - a capsule that is neatly organized (polysaccharide) - a slime layer is unorganized and loose - extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach - capsules PREVENT phagocytosis
78
What is flagella?
- outside cell wall - made of CHAINS of flagellin - attached to a protein hook - anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
79
Do ALL bacterica have flagella?
No, some bacteria have flagella and some do not
80
What are the four flagella arrangements?
1. monotrichous 2. amphitrichous 3. lophotrichous 4. peritrichous
81
What does trichous stand for?
HAIR
82
What is monotrichous?
flagella on SINGLE end
83
What is amphitrichous?
flagella on EACH end
84
What is lophotrichous?
CLUSTER of flagella in one or two ends
85
What is peritrichous?
cell is covered with flagella ALL AROUND
86
What are Motile Cells?
- cells that can move on their own - rotate flagella to run or tumble - move toward or away from stimuli (taxis) - flagella proteins are H antigens
87
What is an example of flagella proteins that are H antigens?
E. Coli O157:H7
88
What are axial filaments?
- it twists - END of flagella - in spirochetes - anchored at one end of a cell - rotation causes cell to move - fimbriae allow attachment - pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
89
What can spirochetes cause?
LYME DISEASE
90
What does a cell wall prevent?
osmotic lysis
91
What is hypotonic
when water does inside the cell
92
what is a cell wall made up of?
peptidoglycan (in bacteria)
93
What is peptidoglycan?
- polymer of DISACCHARIDES: N- acetyglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) - linked by polypeptides
94
What kind of cell walls do Gram-Positive Cell Walls have?
- THICK peptidoglycan | - teichoic acid
95
In acid-fast cells (gram+) what type of acid does it contain?
MYCOTIC
96
What kind of cell walls do Gram-Negative Cell Walls have?
- THIN peptidoglycan - NO teichoic acid - have 2 lipid membranes
97
What are Gram-Positive cell walls?
- teichoic acids - may regulate movement of cations - polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
98
What are gram-negative outer membrane?
- lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phopholipids - forms PERIPLASM between the other membrane and the plasma membrane - protection from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics - O polysacharride antigen (E.Coli O157:H7) - Lipid A - Porins form CHANNELS through membrane
99
Give an example of an endotoxin
Lipid A
100
What is used in Gram- Stain Mechanism?
- crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell | - have gram-positive and gram-negative
101
What happens in gram-positive?
- alcohol DEHYDRATES peptidoglycan | - CV-1 crystals sticks
102
What happens in gram-negative?
- alcohol DISSOLVES outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan - CV-1 washes out
103
What are the two Atypical cell walls?
- mycoplasmas | - archaea
104
What is a mycoplasma?
- lack cell walls (pleomorphic) | - sterols in plasma membrane
105
What is an archaea?
- wall-less or no peptidoglycan | - walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)
106
What digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan? (during cell wall damage)
lysozome
107
What inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan? (during cell wall damage)
penicillin
108
What has COMPLETELY lost its cell? (during cell wall damage)
Protoplast
109
What is a cell that has ALMOST COMPLETELY lost its cell wall? (during cell wall damage)
Spheroplast
110
What are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes? (during cell wall damage)
L forms
111
What are two cells susceptible to osmotic lysis? (during cell wall damage)
protoplast and speroplast
112
What is a plasma (cell) membrane?
- phospholipid bilayer - selective permeability - damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotic causes leakage of cell contents
113
What is osmosis?
The movement of water molecules from where they are in high concentration to low concentration.
114
What happens to a cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC solution?
SHRINKS (water moves out, get dehydrates--> PLASMOLYSIS)
115
What happens to a cell when placed in a HYPOTONIC solution?
BURSTS and SWELLS (water moves in--> OSMOTIC LYSIS)
116
What happens to a cell when placed in an ISOTONIC solution?
NO water movement
117
What is a cytoplasm?
- is the substance inside the plasma membrane | - NO NUCLEUS but HAVE RIBOSOMES
118
What are inclusions?
storage granules of chemicals; often ENERGY RESERVES
119
What is nuclear area?
nucleoid where the DNA is obtained
120
What are endospores?
- SURVIVAL mechanism - resting cells - resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, ration and "time"
121
Give 2 examples of bacteria where endospores can be seen.
- bacillus | - clostridium
122
What is sporulation?
endospore formation (DETERIORATING, know when they are going to die soon)
123
What is germination?
return to VEGETATIVE state
124
What are two Eukaryotic versions?
fungal spores and protozoan cysts
125
What are fungal spores?
primarily reproductive
126
What are protozoan cysts?
survival and part of life cycle

Microbiology (11 decks)

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