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Microbiology > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microorganisms?

A

Organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

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2
Q

What do Microorganisms do?

A

breakdown organic waste, producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis, produce industrial chemicals such as ethanol and acetone, produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread, manufacturing (cellulase) and treatment (insulin) a few are pathogenic.

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3
Q

What do Microorganisms allow humans to do?

A

prevent food spoilage ( refrigerator, use of chemicals), prevent disease occurrence, led to aseptic techniques to prevent contamination in medicine and in microbiology laboratories.

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4
Q

Who established the system of scientific nomenclature?

A

Linnaeus

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5
Q

What two names each organism have?

A

genus and specific epithet.

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6
Q

How to identify scientific names?

A

italicized or underlined. scientific names may be abbreviated with the first letter of the genus and the specific epithet

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7
Q

What do Bacteria have?

A

Prokaryotes (no nucleus), cell walls, Binary fission, use organic chemicals inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy.

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8
Q

What do Viruses have?

A

Acellular, Consist DNA or RNA core, core is surrounded by protein coat, coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope, viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell. Not a living organisms.

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9
Q

Classification of Microorganisms

A

THREE DOMAINS: Bacteria and Archaea (both are prokaryote) Eukarya under this (protists, fungi, plants, Animals) they all have nuclues

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10
Q

Who was first life on Earth?

A

bacteria

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11
Q

When was microbes first observed?

A

1673

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12
Q

What is cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, cell is the smallest unit of life

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13
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a vital force forms life.

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14
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

living organism arise from preexisting life

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15
Q

Example: 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with decaying meat

A

Conditions: three jars covered with fine net. Results: no maggots
Condition: three open jars. Results: maggot appeared.
Biogenesis occurred

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16
Q

Example:1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth into covered flasks.

A

Conditions:Nutrient broth heated then placed in sealed flask
Results: Microbial growth
Spontaneous generation because flask was not sanitized

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17
Q

Example: 1765: Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient solutions in Flasks.

A

Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, then sealed.
Result: No microbial
biogenesis but did not convince everyone

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18
Q

Example: 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air.

A

Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed - flask remains upright
Results: No microbial growth
Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed- flask tilted
Results: Microbial growth
Biogenesis

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19
Q

When was the Golden Age of Microbiology?

A

1857-1914

Pasteur’s work, discoveries include the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs.

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20
Q

What is Pasteur show?

A

microbes are responsible for fermentation, fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food, demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine

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21
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

the application of a high heat for a short time

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22
Q

Why did Joseph Lister use chemical disinfectant?

A

to prevent surgical wound infections.

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23
Q

What did Robert Koch prove?

A

bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps, to prove that specific microbe causes a specific disease

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24
Q

The use of Vaccination

A

1769: Edward Jenner inoculated a person with cowpox virus. The person was then protected from smallpox.

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25
Q

What can Bacteria do for human welfare?

A

recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals.

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26
Q

What can Bacteria do in Bioremediation?

A

degrade organic matter in sewage and degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oils and mercury.

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27
Q

What are Biological insecticides?

A

Microbes that are pathogenic to insects are alternatives to chemical pesticides in preventing insect damage to agricultural crops and disease transmission.

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28
Q

What is Biotechnology?

A

the use of microbes to produce foods and chemicals, is centuries old.

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29
Q

What is Genetic engineering?

A

is a new technique for biotechnology. Through genetic engineering, bacteria and fungi can produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes.

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30
Q

What are microbes on human bodies?

A

Microbiota, normal microbiota prevent growth of pathogens and produce vitamins.

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31
Q

What are Infectious Diseases?

A

a pathogen overcomes that host’s resistance, disease results. Emerging infectious diseases (EID): new diseases and diseases increasing in incidence. (HIV, Ebola, West Nile, SARS, Avian Influenza)

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32
Q

Explain the difference between abiogenesis (spontaneous generation) and biogenesis?

A

living organisms arise from nonliving matter, a vital force forms life and living organism arise from preexisting life.

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33
Q

Describes Louis Pasteur’s swan-necked flask experiment and explain what it proves?

A

Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed - flask remains upright
Results: No microbial growth
Conditions: Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated, not sealed- flask tilted
Results: Microbial growth
Proves: Biogenesis
microorganisms are present in the air

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34
Q

Give 5 ways in which microorganisms benefit humankind?

A

Fermentation, recycle carbon, nutrients, sulfur, and phosphorus that can be used by plants and animals, Microbial ecology, degrade organic matter in sewage and degrade or detoxify pollutants such as oils and mercury,to prevent surgical wound infections, Vaccinations

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35
Q

Give 2 ways in which microorganisms harm humankind?

A

infectious disease, pathogen overcomes the hosts resistance

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36
Q

Describe 3 Pasteurs accomplishments?

A

microbes are responsible for fermentation, fermentation is the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine, microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage of food

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37
Q

What is microscopy?

A

a simple microscope that has only one lens

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38
Q

What does shorter wavelengths provide?

A

greater resolution

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39
Q

What is resolution?

A

ability of the lenses to distinguish two points

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40
Q

What is the refractive index?

A

the light-bending the ability of a medium

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41
Q

What is the Brightfield illumination?

A

dark objects are visible against a bright background

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42
Q

What is the Darkfield illumination?

A

light objects are visible against a dark background

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43
Q

What is the Phase-Contrast Microscopy?

A

accentuates DIFFRACTION of the light that passes through a specimen

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44
Q

What is Fluorenscence Microscopy?

A
  • uses UV light
  • very sensitive
  • tool to identify unknown organisms or proteins
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45
Q

What is Confocal Microscopy?

A
  • uses fluorochromes and a laser light

- laser illuminates each plane in a specimen to produce a 3-D image

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46
Q

What is Electron Microscopy?

A
  • uses electrons instead of light

- shorter wavelength of electrons gives greater resolution

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47
Q

What is Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A
  • ultrathin sections of specimens

- electrons goes through in slices (must be stained with heavy metal)

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48
Q

What is Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)?

A
  • scans surface of the object
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49
Q

What is Scanning-Probe Microscopy?

A
  • scanning tunneling microscopy uses a metal probe to scan a specimen
  • resolution 1/100
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50
Q

What is a Smear?

A
  • a thin film of a solution of microbes on a slide

- usually fixed to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes

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51
Q

Are stains charged?

A

yes, positively (cation) and negatively (anion)

52
Q

What is Negative stain?

A

Cells not stained but background is stained

53
Q

What is positive stain?

A

if it sticks through the stain

54
Q

What is a simple stain?

A

use of a single basic dye

55
Q

What is a gram stain?

A

classifies bacteria into gram- positive or gram-negative

56
Q

How can gram-positive stains killed?

A

tend to be killed by penicillin and detergents

57
Q

What are gram-negative stains resistant to?

A

antibiotics

58
Q

What are acid fast stains?

A

hold on to the color even if it is soaked in acid

59
Q

What are non-acid-fast cells?

A

do not hold on to the stain

60
Q

What are special stains?

A
  • negative staining is useful for capsules

- heat or time is required to drive a stain into endospores

61
Q

What does a flagella stain require?

A

mordant to make the flagella wide enough to see

62
Q

Prokaryotes come from what Greek word?

A

prenucleus

63
Q

Eukaryotes come from what Greek word?

A

true nucleus

64
Q

does prokaryotes have histones?

A

no

65
Q

does eukaryotes have histones?

A

yes

66
Q

What are characteristics of prokaryotes?

A
  • one cellular chromosome, not in a membrane
  • no histones
  • no membrane-bound organelles
  • peptidoglycan cell walls
  • binary fission (divide into two)
67
Q

What are characteristics of eukaryotes?

A
  • paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
  • histones used to wrap DNA
  • organelles
  • polysaccharide cell walls
  • mitotic spindle
68
Q

What is the average size of prokaryotes?

A

0.2-1 um x 2-8 um

69
Q

What are the three basic types of prokaryotes?

A
  1. coci- 2um
  2. rod- 2um
  3. spiral- 5um
70
Q

What are unusual shapes?

A
  • star-shaped Stella

- square Haloarcula

71
Q

What shape do MOST bacterias have?

A

MONOMORPHIC (one shape only)

72
Q

What shape do FEW bacterias have?

A

PLEOMORPHIC (can change shape)

73
Q

What is an example of bacteria that can change shape?

A

C. Xerosis

74
Q

What does diplo mean?

A

pair

75
Q

What does staphylo mean?

A

cluster

76
Q

What does strep mean?

A

chains

77
Q

What is Glycolyx?

A
  • sugary covering
  • outside cell wall
  • usually sticky
  • a capsule that is neatly organized (polysaccharide)
  • a slime layer is unorganized and loose
  • extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach
  • capsules PREVENT phagocytosis
78
Q

What is flagella?

A
  • outside cell wall
  • made of CHAINS of flagellin
  • attached to a protein hook
  • anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body
79
Q

Do ALL bacterica have flagella?

A

No, some bacteria have flagella and some do not

80
Q

What are the four flagella arrangements?

A
  1. monotrichous
  2. amphitrichous
  3. lophotrichous
  4. peritrichous
81
Q

What does trichous stand for?

A

HAIR

82
Q

What is monotrichous?

A

flagella on SINGLE end

83
Q

What is amphitrichous?

A

flagella on EACH end

84
Q

What is lophotrichous?

A

CLUSTER of flagella in one or two ends

85
Q

What is peritrichous?

A

cell is covered with flagella ALL AROUND

86
Q

What are Motile Cells?

A
  • cells that can move on their own
  • rotate flagella to run or tumble
  • move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)
  • flagella proteins are H antigens
87
Q

What is an example of flagella proteins that are H antigens?

A

E. Coli O157:H7

88
Q

What are axial filaments?

A
  • it twists
  • END of flagella
  • in spirochetes
  • anchored at one end of a cell
  • rotation causes cell to move
  • fimbriae allow attachment
  • pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another
89
Q

What can spirochetes cause?

A

LYME DISEASE

90
Q

What does a cell wall prevent?

A

osmotic lysis

91
Q

What is hypotonic

A

when water does inside the cell

92
Q

what is a cell wall made up of?

A

peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

93
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A
  • polymer of DISACCHARIDES: N- acetyglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
  • linked by polypeptides
94
Q

What kind of cell walls do Gram-Positive Cell Walls have?

A
  • THICK peptidoglycan

- teichoic acid

95
Q

In acid-fast cells (gram+) what type of acid does it contain?

A

MYCOTIC

96
Q

What kind of cell walls do Gram-Negative Cell Walls have?

A
  • THIN peptidoglycan
  • NO teichoic acid
  • have 2 lipid membranes
97
Q

What are Gram-Positive cell walls?

A
  • teichoic acids
  • may regulate movement of cations
  • polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
98
Q

What are gram-negative outer membrane?

A
  • lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phopholipids
  • forms PERIPLASM between the other membrane and the plasma membrane
  • protection from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics
  • O polysacharride antigen (E.Coli O157:H7)
  • Lipid A
  • Porins form CHANNELS through membrane
99
Q

Give an example of an endotoxin

A

Lipid A

100
Q

What is used in Gram- Stain Mechanism?

A
  • crystal violet-iodine crystals form in cell

- have gram-positive and gram-negative

101
Q

What happens in gram-positive?

A
  • alcohol DEHYDRATES peptidoglycan

- CV-1 crystals sticks

102
Q

What happens in gram-negative?

A
  • alcohol DISSOLVES outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
  • CV-1 washes out
103
Q

What are the two Atypical cell walls?

A
  • mycoplasmas

- archaea

104
Q

What is a mycoplasma?

A
  • lack cell walls (pleomorphic)

- sterols in plasma membrane

105
Q

What is an archaea?

A
  • wall-less or no peptidoglycan

- walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids)

106
Q

What digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan? (during cell wall damage)

A

lysozome

107
Q

What inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan? (during cell wall damage)

A

penicillin

108
Q

What has COMPLETELY lost its cell? (during cell wall damage)

A

Protoplast

109
Q

What is a cell that has ALMOST COMPLETELY lost its cell wall? (during cell wall damage)

A

Spheroplast

110
Q

What are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes? (during cell wall damage)

A

L forms

111
Q

What are two cells susceptible to osmotic lysis? (during cell wall damage)

A

protoplast and speroplast

112
Q

What is a plasma (cell) membrane?

A
  • phospholipid bilayer
  • selective permeability
  • damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotic causes leakage of cell contents
113
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water molecules from where they are in high concentration to low concentration.

114
Q

What happens to a cell when placed in a HYPERTONIC solution?

A

SHRINKS (water moves out, get dehydrates–> PLASMOLYSIS)

115
Q

What happens to a cell when placed in a HYPOTONIC solution?

A

BURSTS and SWELLS (water moves in–> OSMOTIC LYSIS)

116
Q

What happens to a cell when placed in an ISOTONIC solution?

A

NO water movement

117
Q

What is a cytoplasm?

A
  • is the substance inside the plasma membrane

- NO NUCLEUS but HAVE RIBOSOMES

118
Q

What are inclusions?

A

storage granules of chemicals; often ENERGY RESERVES

119
Q

What is nuclear area?

A

nucleoid where the DNA is obtained

120
Q

What are endospores?

A
  • SURVIVAL mechanism
  • resting cells
  • resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals, ration and “time”
121
Q

Give 2 examples of bacteria where endospores can be seen.

A
  • bacillus

- clostridium

122
Q

What is sporulation?

A

endospore formation (DETERIORATING, know when they are going to die soon)

123
Q

What is germination?

A

return to VEGETATIVE state

124
Q

What are two Eukaryotic versions?

A

fungal spores and protozoan cysts

125
Q

What are fungal spores?

A

primarily reproductive

126
Q

What are protozoan cysts?

A

survival and part of life cycle

Microbiology (11 decks)

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