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Microbiology > Lecture Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Metabolism?

A

the SUM of the chemical reactions in an organism

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2
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

the energy-RELEASING processes (break down)

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3
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

the energy-USING processes (build up)

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4
Q

What provides the building blocks and energy for anabolism?

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

What is Metabolic Pathway?

A

a SEQUENCE of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell

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6
Q

How are metabolic pathways determined?

A

by enzymes

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7
Q

What encodes enzymes?

A

genes

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8
Q

What is the Collision Theory?

A

states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules COLLIDE

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9
Q

What type of energy is needed to DISRUPT electronic configurations?

A

ACTIVATION energy

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10
Q

What is Refraction rate?

A

FREQUENCY of collision with enough energy to bring about a reaction

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11
Q

How can refraction rate be increased?

A
  1. increasing enzymes

2. increasing temperature or pressure

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12
Q

What is a Biological catalyst?

A
  • substrate specific (reacts to one particular cite)

- not used ip in that reaction

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13
Q

What is Apoenzyme?

A

protein

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14
Q

What is Cofactor?

A

nonprotein component

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15
Q

What are 2 types of cofactors?

A
  1. coenzyme

2. holoenzyme

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16
Q

What is Coenzyme?

A

organic cofactor

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17
Q

What is holoenzyme?

A

apoenzyme plus cofactor

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18
Q

Name 4 important coenzymes.

A
  1. NAD+
  2. NADP+
  3. FAD
  4. Coenzyme A
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19
Q

Coenzymes are what type of carriers?

A

electron carriers

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20
Q

What is the turnover number for enzymes?

A

1-10,000 molecules per second

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21
Q

most enzymes end with what?

A

ase

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22
Q

Name 5 Enzyme Classification.

A
  1. phosphatase
  2. polymerase
  3. amylase
  4. protease
  5. ligase
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23
Q

What is the function of Phosphatase?

A

removes phosphates

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24
Q

What is the function of Polymerase?

A

add nucleotides to make polymers

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25
What is the function of Amylase?
breaks down starch
26
What is the function of Protease?
breaks down protein
27
What is the function of Ligase?
joining of molecules, uses ATP
28
What are some examples of non-ase enzymes?
pepcid, triptin, bromelin
29
How can enzymes be denatured?
denatured by: - temperature - pH
30
Do enzymes speed up when it's hot?
YES
31
What are the four levels of temperature?
- 1 degree - 2 degree - 3 degree - 4 degree
32
What happens to enzymes when it is cold?
SLOWS down
33
What is oxidation?
REMOVAL of electrons (O.I.L.)
34
What is reduction?
GAIN of electrons (R.I.G.)
35
What is redox reaction?
an oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction
36
In biological systems, electrons are often associated with what?
HYDROGEN ATOMS
37
Are Biological oxidations often dehydrogenations?
YES
38
How is ATP generated?
it is generated by the PHOSPHORYLATION of ADP
39
What is Substrate-level phosphorylation?
the transfer of a HIGH-energy PO4- to ADP
40
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis.
41
Light causes what to give up electrons?
Chlorophyll
42
What is photophosphorylation?
Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of chlorophyll through a system of CARRIER MOLECULES is used to generate ATP.
43
What are the three steps of Carbohydrate Catabolism (to release energy)?
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs cycle 3. Electron transport chain
44
What is Glycolysis?
The oxidation of glucose to PYRUVIC acid produces ATP and NADH
45
What is the universal pathway?
Glycolysis
46
What is the Preparatory stage?
2 ATPs are used to initiate the process (going to burn)
47
What is the Energy-Conserving stage?
- end result is the production of 2 Pyruvic acids (pyruvate) - 4 ATP produced (net production of 2) - 2 NADH produced
48
What liberates electrons for an electron transport chain?
Oxidation of molecules
49
Majority of ATP is generated by what?
Oxidative phosphorylation
50
What happens to Pyruvic acid during the intermediate step?
Oxidized and decarboxylated
51
How many NADH re produced during the intermediate step?
2
52
What happens during the Krebs Cycle?
Oxidation of acetyl CoA produces NADH and FADH2 and ATP
53
What happens during the electron transport chain?
A series of carrier molecules that are, in turn, oxidized and reduced as electrons are passed down the chain
54
Energy released in the ETC can be used to produce by ATP through what ?
Chemiosmosis
55
What is aerobic respiration?
The final electron acceptor in the ETC is MOLECULAR OXYGEN (O2)
56
What is anaerobic respiration?
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is NOT O2.
57
Why does anaerobic respiration yields less energy than Aerobic respiration?
Because only part of the Krebs cycles operations unders anaerobic conditions
58
What is the product of the electron acceptor, NO3-? (During anaerobic respiration)
NO2-, N2 + H2O
59
What is the product of the electron acceptor, SO4-? (During anaerobic respiration)
H2S + H2O
60
What is the product of the electron acceptor, CO3^2-? (During anaerobic respiration)
CH4+ H2O
61
What is fermentation?
- releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules - DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN - DOES NOT USE THE KREBS CYCLE - USES an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
62
What is alcohol fermentation?
Produces ethyl alcohol and CO2
63
What is lactic acid fermentation?
Produces lactic acid
64
What are the two different types of lactic acid fermentation?
1. Homolactic fermentation | 2. Heterolactic fermentation
65
What is homolactic fermentation?
Produces LACTIC ACID ONLY
66
What is heterolactic fermentation?
Produces lactic acid and other compounds
67
What color indicated a positive fermentation test during fermentation?
Yellow
68
What are biochemical tests used for?
- to identity bacteria | - look for products of enzymatic reactions
69
What does halo bacterium use to generate electrons for a chemiosmotic proton pump?
Bacteriorhodopsin NOT chlorophyll
70
What is Microbial Growth?
Is the increase in NUMBER of cells, NOT size
71
What is a physical requirement for microbial growth?
Temperature
72
What are three types of temperature in microbial growth?
1. Minimum growth temperature 2. Optimum growth temperature (best time to grow) 3. Maximum growth temperature (can be tolerated)
73
What are 5 categories of temperature?
1. Psychrophiles 2. Psychotrophs 3. Mesophiles 4. Thermophiles 5. Psychotrophs
74
What is psychrophiles?
like it cold, just below freezing, ~20 degrees Celsius
75
What is psychrotrophs?
- grow between 0 degrees Celsius to 20 and up o 30 degrees Celsius - prefer ROOM temperature - tolerate cold - cause FOOD SPOILAGE
76
What is Mesophiles?
Prefer moderately warm temperatures, ~20-45 degree Celsius
77
What is Thermophiles?
Like it HOT, ~50-70 degrees Celsius
78
What is psychrotrophs?
- grow between 0 degrees Celsius and 20-30 degrees Celsius | - cause food spoilage
79
Between what ph levels do most bacteria grow?
pH 6.5 and 7.5
80
Between what ph levels do molds and yeasts grow?
pH 5 and 6
81
What type of environment do acidophiles grow in?
Acidic environments
82
Hypertonic environments increase what to cause plasmolysis? (During osmotic pressure)
Salt or sugar
83
What type of halophile require high osmotic pressure?
High or obligate halophiles
84
What type of halophiles tolerate high osmotic pressure?
Facultative
85
What are halophiles ?
- salt loving
86
How much percent of salt (halophiles) concentration do we have in our body?
~0.9%
87
How much percent of salt (halophiles) concentration are in the ocean?
~3%
88
How much percent of salt (halophiles) concentration in Dead Sea and Great Salt Lake?
~15-30%
89
What are the 4 chemical requirements for microbial growth?
1. carbon 2. N, S, P 3. trace elements 4. organic growth factors
90
What is carbon?
- backbone of all molecules - structural organic molecules, energy source - chemoheterotrophs use organic carbon sources
91
Do autotrophs use CO2?
YES
92
What do N, S, P stand for?
Nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
93
What are trace elements?
- inorganic elements required in small amounts | - usually as enzyme cofactors
94
What are 4 toxic forms of oxygen?
1. Singlet oxygen 2. Superoxide free radicals 3. Peroxide anion 4. Hydroxyl radical
95
What is Singlet oxygen?
O2 boosted to a higher-energy state
96
What is superoxide free radicals?
- O2- (refer to picture on the packet) | - uses superoxide dismutase
97
What is peroxide anion?
- O2^2- (refer to picture in the packet) | - uses catalase and peroxidase
98
What is organic growth factors?
- organic compounds obtained from the environment | - vitamins, amino acids, purines, and pyrimidase
99
What is a culture medium?
Nutrients prepared for microbial growth
100
Define sterile.
No living microbes
101
Define inoculum.
Introduction of microbes into medium
102
Define culture.
Microbes are growing in/on culture medium
103
Define agar.
- complex polysaccharide - used as solidifying agent for culture media I. Petri plates, slants, and deeps - generally NOT metabolized by microbes - Liquifies at 100 degrees Celsius - solidifies at ~40 degrees Celsius
104
What is a chemically defined media?
- SYNTHETHIC | - exact chemical composition is known
105
Why is complex media?
- NON-SYNTHETIC - extracts and digests of yeasts, meat or plants - nutrient broth - nutrient agar
106
List one anaerobic culture method.
Reducing media
107
What happens while reducing media?
- contain chemicals (thioglycollate or oxyrase) that combine O2 - heated to grove off O2
108
What are 2 canophiles that require high CO2?
- candle jar | - CO2 packet
109
What is selective media?
Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes
110
What is differential media?
Make it east to distinguish COLONIES of different microbes (from one to another)
111
What is a colony?
- Aka Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) | - a population of cells arising from one single cell or spore or from a group of attached cells
112
How many species or strains does a pure culture contain?
ONE
113
What is a streak plate?
technique for separating bacteria to obtain discrete, isolated colonies
114
What are some ways to preserve bacteria cultures?
- deep freezing | - lyophilization
115
What is the temperature for deep freezing?
-50 to -95 degrees celsius
116
What is the temperature for lyophilization?
-54 to -72 degrees celsius
117
What is lyophilization?
freeze-drying
118
What happens in reproduction in prokaryotes?
- binary fission - budding - conidiospores (actinomycetes) - fragmentation of filaments
119
What is a batch culture?
closed system, nothing added or removed
120
What are the 4 phases of exponential growth curve?
1. lag 2. log 3. stationary 4. death
121
What happens in lag? ( during exponential growth curve)
bacteria gearing up metabolically
122
What happens in log? ( during exponential growth curve)
division begins, exponential
123
What happens in stationary? ( during exponential growth curve)
- state equilibrium balance between death and growing cells - nutrients being used up, wastes accumulating - cells surviving not dividing, endospores forming
124
What are persisters?
- DORMANT cells - NOT a spore - antibiotic tolerant
125
What happens in death? ( during exponential growth curve)
cells aging, starving, toxic environment
126
What does the graph represent?
closed system of BATCH CULTURE
127
What is chemostat?
Continuous culture - Fresh nutrients and media added while some culture removed
128
When is the continual state of exponential growth?
Chemostat
129
What are plate counts?
Perform serial dilutions of a sample
130
Where do u inoculate petri plates from?
Serial dilutions
131
After incubation, how many colonies are there supposed to be?
25-250 but we use 30-300 CFUs
132
What is the flow of genetic information?
DNA -> RNA -> protein
133
What is genetics?
The study of what genes are, how they carry information, how information is expressed, and how genes are replicated
134
What is a gene?
A segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a PROTEIN
135
What is a genome?
All of the genetic material in a cell
136
What is genomics?
The molecular study of genomes
137
What is genotype?
Genes of an organism
138
What is phenotype?
Expression of the gene
139
What is DNA?
- double helix associated with proteins - stands are held together by hydrogen bonds between AT and CG - strands are ANTIPARALLEL
140
What is the backbone of DNA?
Deoxyribose-phosphate
141
What are the 4 polymer of nucleotides in DNA?
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
142
What enzyme is used to copy DNA?
DNA polymerase
143
What direction is DNA being copied by?
5' -> 3'
144
What is leading strand?
Synthesized CONTINUOUSLY
145
What is lagging strand?
Synthesized DISCONTINUOUSLY
146
What type of fragments are used when DNA is being copied ?
Okazaki fragments
147
What happens to RNA primers and Okazaki fragments while DNA is being copied?
RNA primers are REMOVED. And Okazaki fragments are JOINED by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
148
What type of replication is DNA ?
SEMICONSERVATIVE
149
What happens during Transcription?
DNA is transcribed to make RNA (mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA)
150
When does transcription begins?
When RNA polymerase bungs to the PROMOTER SEQUENCE
151
Does the transcription process proceed in the 5' -> 3' direction?
YES
152
When does transcription stop?
When it reaches the TERMINATOR SEQUENCE
153
mRNA is translated in what ?
Codons (3 nucleotides)
154
Translation of mRNA begins at the what start codon?
AUG
155
Translation ends at what stop codon?
UAA, UAG. UGA

Microbiology (11 decks)

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