(Lecture) Streptococcus and Enterococcus Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp. belong to the family _____
A
Streptococcaceae
2
Q
A _____ results differentiate Streptococci and Enterococci from Staphylococci.
A
Negative Catalase Test
3
Q
Streptococcus and Enterococcus have poor growth on Nutrient Media such as _____
A
Trypticase Soy Agar
4
Q
Lancefield Classification was developed by _____
A
Rebecca Lancefield
5
Q
What is the Basis of Classification for Academic/Bergy:
A
Temperature
6
Q
What is the Basis of Classification for Smith and Brown:
A
Hemolysis
7
Q
What is the Basis of Classification for Lancefield:
A
Serological (C-Carb of the Cell Wall)
8
Q
Members on the Academic/Bergy Classification:
A
Pyogenic
Viridance
Entero
Lactic
9
Q
Members on the Smith and Brown Classification:
A
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
10
Q
Members on the Lancefield Classification:
A
Groups A-G
11
Q
Partialization of the RBCs results in a greenish discoloration of the area surrounding the colony and it is termed as the _____
A
Alpha-Hemolysis
12
Q
Streptococci producing α-hemolysis are also known as _____
A
Viridans Streptococci
13
Q
When lysis of the red blood cells in the agar surrounding the colony is complete, the resulting area is clear this is termed as the _____
A
Beta-hemolysis
14
Q
When the red blood cells immediately surrounding the colony are unaffected the bacteria are described as the _____ also known as the _____
A
Non-hemolytic
Gamma Hemolytic
15
Q
Color around the colonies of the Alpha-hemolysis:
A
Green
16
Q
Color around the colonies of the Beta-hemolysis:
A
Clear
17
Q
Color around the colonies of the Gamma Hemolysis:
A
reD
18
Q
Member/s that can be found under Alpha-hemolysis:
A
S. pneumoniae
19
Q
Member/s that can be found under Beta-hemolysis:
A
S. equisimilis
S. pyogenes
S. agalactiae
E. faealis
20
Q
Member/s that can be found under Beta-hemolysis:
A
Some Viridans group
21
Q
Member/s of the Group A Lancefield Classification:
A
S. pyogenes
22
Q
Member/s of the Group B Lancefield Classification:
A
S. agalactiae
23
Q
Member/s of the Group C Lancefield Classification:
A
S. equisimilis
S. equi
S. dysogalactiae
S. zoopidimidus
24
Q
Member/s of the Group D Lancefield Classification:
A
A. Enterococci
- E. faecalis
- E. faecium
- E. avium
- E. durans
B. Non-Enterococci
- S. bovis
- S. equinus
25
Pyogenic group does not grow at _____ compared with the viridans group that can grow at that interest temperature.
45°C
26
Pyogenic and viridans group does not grow under _____ but grows best at _____
10°C
37°C
27
_____ group grows at all temperatures
Entero
28
Lactic group grows best at _____ and _____, but does not grow at _____
10°C
37°C
45°C
29
All of the streptococci grows best at optimum temperature of _____
37°C
30
The best defined virulence factor is Streptococcus pyogenes is the _____ encoded by the genes emm
M protein
31
The best defined virulence factor is streptococcus pyogenes is the M protein encoded by the _____
Genes emm
32
A hemolysin that is highly immunogenic; measured using ASO (antistreptolysin O) test and is oxygen labile
Streptolysin O
33
A hemolysin that is nonimmunogenic and have a stable oxygen
Streptolysin S
34
A toxin that causes Scarlet Fever
Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin
35
Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin is also called _____
Erythrogenic Toxin
36
A toxin that causes Acute Glomerulonephritis
Nephrogenic Toxin
37
Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin causes _____
Scarlet Fever
38
Nephrogenic Toxin causes _____
Acute Glomerulonephritis
39
The four immunologically distinct exotoxin types found in Streptococcus pyogenes are the:
SpeA
SpeB
SpeC
SpeF
40
Identify the Virulence Factor:
- Spreading factors localized in the skin
- An important Streptococcus factor which has a critical role in the pathogenesis of invasive Streptococcal diseases
Streptokinase
41
An enzyme that solubilizes the ground substance of mammalian connective tissue which is hyaluronic acid.
Hyalurodinase
42
Virulence Factor that acts as an adhesion molecule
Lipoteichoic Acid and Protein F
43
Additional molecules that mediate attachment to host epithelial cells
Lipoteichoic Acid and Protein F
44
Identify the Virulence Factor bases on the characteristics given:
- Produced by S. agalactiae
- Heat stable protein
- Enhances the beta-hemolysis of S. aureus
CAMP Factor
45
Gram Stain Morphology of Streptococcus spp.
Gram-positive cocci in pairs or chains
46
Cultural Characteristics of Streptococcus spp.
Pinpoint Colonies
47
Identify the Specie based on its Cultural Characteristics:
Small, transparent and smooth; beta-hemolytic; when grows in sheep's blood agar
S. pyogenes
48
Identify the Specie based on its Cultural Characteristics:
Grayish white mucoid colonies; beta-hemolytic (small zone)
S. agalactiae
49
Test result of Streptococcus spp on Catalase Test:
Negative Catalase Test; no bubble formation
50
A test that differentiates Group A Streptococci from other Streptococci
Bacitracin Susceptibility Test (Taxo A)
51
What specie/s is positive for Bacitracin Susceptibility Test (Taxo A)?
Group A Strep
52
What specie/s is negative for Bacitracin Susceptibility Test (Taxo A)?
Other Beta-hemolytic Streptococci spp.
53
A test that is helpful in screening for Group A Streptococcus in throat cultures
Bacitracin Susceptibility Test (Taxo A)
54
This test is used to differentiate Streptococcus agalactiae from other Streptococcal species
CAMP Test
55
"CAMP" in CAMP Test means _____
Christie, Atkins, Munch, and Petersen
56
CAMP is an acronym for Christie, Atkins, and Munch-Petersen which was identified in _____
1944
57
Positive test result in CAMP Test shows:
Arrowhead hemolysis [Group B Strep] or bowtie appearance [S. agalactiae]
58
Positive color result in PYR Hydrolysis Test:
Cherry Red/Pink
59
Test for Group A and Group D Streptococci
PYR Hydrolysis Test
60
Substrate in PYR Hydrolysis Test:
L-pyrrolidonyl-beta-napthylamide
61
Reagent used in PYR Hydrolysis Test:
p-dimethyl-aminocinnamaldehyde
62
Enzyme in PYR Hydrolysis Test:
pyrroglutamylamino peptidase or pyrrolidomylaryl amidase
63
The only species of Streptococcus that is PYR positive.
Streptococcus pyogenes
64
Medium for Hippurate Test:
Broth with hippurate
65
Reagent indicator for Hippurate Test:
Ninhydrin
66
Positive color on Hippurate Test:
Purple (S. agalactiae)
67
A test that differentiate Group D from Beta-hemolytic.
Bile Esculin Test
68
Enzyme in Bile Esculin Test
Esculinase
69
Positive test result in Bile Esculin Test
Blackening of medium [Group D]
70
Further test from Bile Esculin Test
Salt Tolerance Test (6.5% NaCl)
71
A test that is used in the identification of enterococcal group D streptococcus on the basis of their salt tolerance.
Salt Tolerance Test (6.5% NaCl)
72
Negative result in Salt Tolerance Test (6.5% NaCl)
Clear/Transparent [Non-enterococci]
73
Positive result in Salt Tolerance Test (6.5% NaCl)
Turbid [Enterococci]
74
Substrate in Leucine Aminopeptidase Test
Leucine-β-naphthylamide
75
Reagent of Leucine Aminopeptidase Test
paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent
76
Positive color of Leucine Aminopeptidase Test
Red color
77
What specie/s is positive in Leucine Aminopeptidase Test?
Viridans Streptococci
78
The substrate leucine-beta-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed to _____ after the addition of
paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent
β-naphthylamine
79
The substrate leucine-beta-naphthylamide is hydrolyzed to β-naphthylamine after the addition of _____
paradimethylaminocinnamaldehyde reagent
80
Test that is in conjunction with bacitracin is used for the presumptive identification of beta hemolytic streptococci on blood agar.
SXT or Sulfamethoxazole Susceptibility Test
81
What specie/s is resistant on SXT or Sulfamethoxazole Susceptibility Test?
Group A & B Strep
82
What specie/s is susceptible on SXT or Sulfamethoxazole Susceptibility Test?
Other Strep spp.
83
A test that detects carbohydrate component of the cell wall of Streptococci.
Serological Tests
84
Principle of Streptex Test
Antigen (from colonies) - Antibody (from Reagent) Reaction
85
Positive result in Serological Test
Agglutination/clumping [Group A Strep]
86
Negative result in Serological Test
No agglutination [S. agalactiae]
87
A rapid latex test system for use in the qualitative detection and identification of the lancefield group of Streptococci
Serological Tests
88
A clinical infection that is most often seen in children between 5 and 15 years of age
Strep Throat
89
Strep Throat is most often seen in children between _____ and _____ of age
5
15
90
Incubation period of Strep Throat
1-4 Days
91
Strep Throat subsides within _____ to _____ days
1
5
92
A localized skin disease, begins as small vesicles that progress to weeping lesions; inoculation of organisms through minor abrasions or insect bites
Impetigo
93
Impetigo It is usually seen in children ages _____ and it affects exposed areas of the skin
2-5 years old
94
A pyodermal infection that is followed by deeper invasion of streptococci; life-threatening; with bacteremia or sepsis
Cellulitis
95
In patients with peripheral vascular disease or diabetes, cellulitis may lead to _____
Gangrene
96
A rare infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissues observed frequently in elderly patients
Erysipelas
97
Lesion characteristics of Erysipelas:
Acute spreading, intensely erythematous with plainly demarcated but irregular edge
98
A pyodermal infection that is characterized by a diffuse red rash on upper chest and spreads to the trunk and extremities.
Scarlet Fever
99
An invasive infection characterized by rapidly progressing inflammation and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous fat, and fascia
Necrotizing Fasciitis
100
Necrotizing Fasciitis' other terms:
“Flesh-eating disease or syndrome”
“Suppurative fasciitis”
“Hospital gangrene”
“Necrotizing erysipelas”
101
A condition in which the entire organ system collapses, leading to death. Portal of infection is unknown, although minor injuries or surgeries have been implicated. This condition is caused by a type of streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin – SpeA
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
102
- Follows after S. pyogenes pharyngitis
- Characterized by fever and inflammation of the heart, joints, blood vessels and subcutaneous tissues
- Most serious result: chronic, progressive damage to the heart valves
Rheumatic Fever
103
- Follows after cutaneous or pharyngeal infection
- More common in children than in adults
Acute Glomerulonephritis
104
Group A Streptococci are (susceptible or resistant) to penicillin.
Susceptible
105
Group A Streptococci are susceptible to _____.
Penicillin
106
If a patient is infected with Group A Streptococcal and is susceptible for penicillin, what drugs of choice can be used?
Erythromycin
107
What Streptococcus specie is the significant cause of invasive disease in newborn
Streptococcus Agalactiae
108
What are the two clinical syndromes that are associated with neonatal GBS disease:
1. Early-onset infection (<7 days old)
2. Late-onset infection (at least 7 days old to about 3 months old)
109
Early onset infection gives what type of neonatal GBS disease/s?
Pneumonia and Sepsis
110
Late-onset infection gives what type of neonatal GBS disease/s?
Meningitis and Sepsis
111
Samples collected from pregnant women that will be screen for GBS should be inoculated into a selective broth _____ containing 10 microgram per ml of colistin and 15 microgram ml of nalidixic acid
Todd-Hewith Broth
112
How many ml of colistin and nalidixic acid does a Todd-Hewith Broth have?
10 microgram per ml of colistin
15 microgram ml of nalidixic acid
113
The drug of choice for treating GBS infection is _____
Penicillin
114
Some clinicians recommend a combination of _____ and a _____ for treating GBS infection.
Ampicillin
Aminoglycoside
115
Subdivisions of Group C and G Streptococci:
1. Large-colony Forms
2. Small-colony Forms
116
Streptococcus pneumoniae is also known as _____ or _____
Pneumococcus or Diplococcus
117
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a member of _____ group
S. mitis group
118
Antigen present in the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae
C substance
119
A beta-globulin in human serum
C-reactive protein (CRP)
120
Hemolysis pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Alpha-hemolytic
121
Predisposing factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Alcoholism
- Anesthesia
- Malnutrition
- Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract
122
The vaccine that has been successful in reducing the incidence and severity of pneumococcal disease
Heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7)
123
Gram Stain morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
- Gram-positive cocci in pairs (diplococci)
- The ends of the cells are slightly pointed (oval or lancet shape)
124
Appearance of Young Cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Round, glistening, wet, mucoid, dome-shaped appearance
125
Appearance of Old Cultures of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Coin with a raised rim appearance
126
The more commonly used procedure in order to differentiate Streptococcus pneumoniae from the Viridans streptococci
Optochin susceptibility
127
In between Pneumococci and Viridans Streptococci, who is susceptible and who is resistant in optochin test?
Suseptible: Pneumococci
Resistant: Viridans Streptococci
128
A test that determines the lysis of streptococcus pneumoniae in the presence of the bile salts.
Bile Solubility Test
129
Indicator in Inulin Fermentation:
Phenol Red
130
In between Pneumococci and Viridans Streptococci, who is positive and negative in Inulin Fermentation Test?
Positive: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Negative: Viridans Group
131
Color of a positive result Inulin Fermentation
Yellow
132
Color of a negative result in Inulin Fermentation Test
Pink or Red
133
The Capsular Swelling Reaction also known as the _____
Nueffeld Quellung Reaction
134
Positive result in the Capsular Swelling Reaction or Neufeld Quellung Reaction:
- Obvious capsule
- S. pneumoniae
135
Negative result in the Capsular Swelling Reaction or Neufeld Quellung Reaction:
- No capsule
- All other Alpha hemolytic Streptococci
136
A German microbiologist who identified several flames of the bacterium streptococcus pneumoniae, one of which was virulent and caused death when injected into mice and another which was non-virulent and did not cause illness when injected into mice.
Fred Neufeld
137
Positive result in the Mouse Virulence Test:
Death of Test Animal
138
The test for the previous infection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and a positive result is induriation or wheale formation in the skin
Francis Skin Test
139
Positive result in the Francis Skin Test:
Induration or Wheale formation
140
Drug of choice for the treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae:
Penicillin
141
If a patient that is infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae is Penicillin resistant, what drug/s is used for treatment?
Erythromycin or Chloramphenicol
142
"Viridans" means _____
"Green"
143
Species under the S. mitis group:
S. mitis
S. Pneumoniae
S. sanguis
S. oralis
144
Species under the S. mutans group:
S. mutans
S. sobrinus
145
Species under the S. salivarus group:
S. salivarus
S. vestibularis
146
Species under the S. bovis group:
S. equinus
S. gallolyticus
S. infantarius
S. alactolyticus
147
Species under the S. anginosus group:
S. anginosus
S. constellatus
S. intermedius
148
S. constellatus subsp. pharyngis produces what disease?
Pharyngitis
149
Group D Streptococci is subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups?
- Enterococci
- Non-enterococci
150
Tests that differentiate the two groups of Group D Streptococci:
1. PYR Test
2. 6.5% NaCl Test
151
In between the two groups of Group D Streptococci, who is positive and negative in the PYR Test?
Positive: Enterococci
Negative: Non Enterococci (Group D Streptococci)
152
In between the two groups of Group D Streptococci, who is positive and negative in the 6.5% NaCl Test?
Positive: Enterococci (growth)
Negative: Non-enterococci (no growth)
153
In between the two groups of Group D Streptococci, who is resistant and susceptible in Penicillin Resistance Test?
Resistant: Enterococci
Susceptible: Group D Streptococci (Nonenterococci)
154
Common species under Enterococcus group:
E. faecalis
E. faecium
155
Enterococcus Group have the ability to grow under extreme conditions. What are the factors that make the Enterococcus Group to grow in extreme conditions?
- Presence of bile
- 6.5% NaCl or alkaline pH
- 45 degree Celsius
156
An Enterococci clinical infection from receiving hemodialysis, immunocompromised patients with a serious underlying disease, prior surgical procedure
Bacteremia
157
An Enterococci clinical infection from elderly patients with prosthetic valves or valvular heart disease
Endocarditis
