lecture test 1

Question 1

Who coined the term “cell”?

Answer 1

Robert Hooke

Question 2

How did the Janssen brothers make the first microscope?

Answer 2

Turned a telescope upside down and sold it

Question 3

What is Micrographia

Answer 3

Hooke’s book of microscopic drawings

Question 4

Who had the most powerful microscope in the late 1600’s to early 1700’s?

Answer 4

Leeowenhoek

Question 5

What did Leeuwenhoek look at?

Answer 5

Pond water, feces, tooth scrapings, semen

Question 6

What was Leeuwenhoek the first to describe?

Answer 6

animalcules AKA living stuff moving around (bacteria, protozoa, molds)

Question 7

What discoveries to come to a halt for 100 years?

Answer 7

Leeuwenhoak was secretive and did not tell anyone how to make the microscope or how to focus it.

Question 8

What is Spontaneous Generation?

Answer 8

Living creatures can arise from a non-living component.

Question 9

What are the Theories of Disease?

Answer 9

Curses from witches
Inheritance
Punishments for sins
Miasma
Germs (later)

Question 10

What controversy did Redi settle?

Answer 10

Spontaneous Generation

Question 11

When did Redi’s Meat/Maggot experiment take place?

Answer 11

1670’s

Question 12

What was the significance of the Meat/Maggot experiment?

Answer 12

1- Disproved Spontaeous Generation
2- Developed experimental method

Question 13

What experiment was Jenner known for and when did it take place?

Answer 13

Smallpox experiments in 1796

Question 14

What were Jenners two observations?

Answer 14

1- Cowpox gave immunity to small pox (milk maids)
2- Small pox parties (variolation) gave immunity

Question 15

What did Jenner develope?

Answer 15

The first vaccination against small pox using pus from cowpox

Question 16

What did Semmelweiss create and when?

Answer 16

Asepsis 1847

Question 17

What measurements did Semmelweiss implement?

Answer 17

Lime water for disinfection, washing hands after dealing with cadavers.

Question 18

Who did Lister get his ideas from?

Answer 18

Semmelweiss

Question 19

What did Lister create and when?

Answer 19

Aseptic Surgery 1850

Question 20

What did Lister implement in surgery?

Answer 20

Disinfection of air and wounds, heat sterilization

Question 21

What were Pastures wine results?

Answer 21

1- microorganisms metabolise (eat and poo)
2- if microorganisms make wine sick then they can make people sick too
3- microorganisms do not spontaneously generate

Question 22

Which of Pastures experiments ended spontaneous generation?

Answer 22

S-Flask experiments

Question 23

When was Pastures wine experiment and when was S-flask?

Answer 23

wine- 1857
S-flask- 1865

Question 24

When were Kochs anthrax experiments?

Answer 24

1875

Question 25

Kochs 4 postulates:

Answer 25

1- Isolate pathogen and spread on agar surface and compare w healthy animal 2- Grow isolatedd pathogen 3- introduce it to healthy animal and see if they have the same symptoms 4- get same pathogen from newly sick animal

Question 26

What did Koch prove?

Answer 26

Theory of disease

Question 27

Why were Kochs experiments important?

Answer 27

Use his postulates today and his techniques (petri dishes, agar, staining)

Question 28

When did Pasteurs Attenuation experiment take place?

Answer 28

1880

Question 29

What is attenuation?

Answer 29

a weakened pathogen will give people immunity

Question 30

How did Pasture weaken the pathogen?

Answer 30

aging, weak acid, passage through animals, drying it.

Question 31

What did Fleming do?

Answer 31

Isolated first antibiotic penicillin.

Question 32

what are the 4 drug targets?

Answer 32

genome ribosomes peptidoglycan folic acid

Question 33

what drug targets the genome?

Answer 33

metronidazole

Question 34

what drug targets the ribosomes?

Answer 34

tetracyclin

Question 35

what drug targets peptidoglycan?

Answer 35

penicillin

Question 36

what drug targets folic acid?

Answer 36

sulfonamides ex. sulfadoxine

Question 37

strepto

Answer 37

chain

Question 38

staphylo

Answer 38

clusters

Question 39

diplo

Answer 39

pairs

Question 40

tetrad

Answer 40

4 or 8 cube

Question 41

pallisade

Answer 41

side by side like a fence

Question 42

v-shaped arrangement

Answer 42

v's but rods only

Question 43

cell membrane composition and function

Answer 43

phospholipid bilayer; entry/exit; no sterols

Question 44

function of cytoplasm

Answer 44

solvent for chemical reactions

Question 45

bacterial enzymes needed to use DNA

Answer 45

topoisomerase, DNA gyrase

Question 46

what region is the genome found in?

Answer 46

nucleoid

Question 47

what makes up ribosomes?

Answer 47

rRNA and polypeptides

Question 48

ribosome function

Answer 48

protein production

Question 49

ribosome size

Answer 49

70s

Question 50

eukaryote size

Answer 50

80s

Question 51

cell wall is composed of...

Answer 51

peptidoglycan

Question 52

what are the two sugars that make up peptidoglycan?

Answer 52

NAG NAM

Question 53

how are NAG NAM held together?

Answer 53

tetrapeptides

Question 54

what is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 54

stop cell from bursting in hypotonic environment

Question 55

How do "cillin" drugs affect peptidoglycan?

Answer 55

breaks cross linkages and water rushes in

Question 56

what is lipid A and how is it realeased?

Answer 56

endotoxin; released when gram (-) bacteria die

Question 56

what is an f plasmid

Answer 56

fertility plasmid

Question 56

what is an r plasmid

Answer 56

resistance plasmid

Question 56

function of f plasmid

Answer 56

to pass on DNA instructions to make sex pili

Question 57

3 ways that r plasmid provides antibiotic resistance

Answer 57

1- efflux pump- pumps drug out too fast 2- enzymes break down drug 3- altering enzymes change shape or active site and drug cannot work

Question 58

what is a virulence plasmid and what is another name for it?

Answer 58

toxin plasmis; t plasmids

Question 59

function of t plasmids

Answer 59

produce toxins that attack the host body

Question 60

function of bacteriocin plasmids

Answer 60

kill other bacteria because of competition

Question 61

functions of sex pili

Answer 61

lay down cytoplasmic bridge so DNA can be transferred

Question 62

function of fimbrae:

Answer 62

stick to surfaces

Question 63

what are fimbrae made of?

Answer 63

pilin protein

Question 64

what do counterclockwise flagella do?

Answer 64

run

Question 65

what do clockwise flagella do?

Answer 65

tumble

Question 66

what are flagella powered by?

Answer 66

proton pump

Question 67

which bacteria is not mobile?

Answer 67

cocci

Question 68

taxis definition

Answer 68

bacteria change behavior based on stimuli

Question 69

how do flagella react to positive stimulua

Answer 69

longer run

Question 70

lophotrichous

Answer 70

many flagella from one spot

Question 71

monotrichous

Answer 71

one flagella

Question 72

peritrichous

Answer 72

flagella all around

Question 73

amphitrichous

Answer 73

one/many flagella on each polar end

Question 74

what is folic acid needed for?

Answer 74

nucleotide production

Question 75

slime layer appearance

Answer 75

loose fluffy

Question 76

capsule appearance

Answer 76

dense thick layer

Question 77

4 ways glycocalyx increase pathogenicity

Answer 77

1- neutralize drugs 2- delay/fool immunce response 3- stick to surfaces 4- avoid phagocytosis

Question 78

2 ways that glycocalyx help with survival

Answer 78

1- nutrient source 2- storage of waste

Question 79

mycoplasma

Answer 79

walking pnemonia - NO cell wall, isotonic solution only

Question 80

rickettsia and chlamydia

Answer 80

rocky mtn fever- NEEDS HOST CELL

Question 81

spirochaetes

Answer 81

lyme disease, syphilis - huge spiral cells- corkscrew

Question 82

archae

Answer 82

1- ancient 2 - protein instead of peptidoglycan 3 - produce methane

Question 83

whos "father of microbio" and when?

Answer 83

leeuwenhoke - 1673

Question 84

where does rickettsia live?

Answer 84

lice fleas ticks