Microbio Final Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
how many microbes do we carry in our gut?
A
up to 2kg
2
Q
tetrad
A
cubes of 4 and 8 squared
3
Q
pallisade
A
side to side cells
4
Q
what kind of cell fluctuates with how immunocompetent you are that day?
A
natural killer cells
5
Q
what is the command center of level 3 defenses?
A
lymphatic system
6
Q
where are B and T lymphocytes produced?
A
bone marrow
7
Q
where do T cells mature?
A
thymus
8
Q
where do B cells mature?
A
bone marrow
9
Q
what are the lymphoid organs?
A
lymph nodes and spleen
10
Q
what are the Mucosal Associated Lymphatic Tissues?
A
- tonsils
- adenoids
- peyers patches
- appendix
11
Q
where are MHC-1 found?
A
all nucleated cells
12
Q
what are MHC-1 used for?
A
ID of abnormal self cells
13
Q
where are MHC-2 found
A
on antigen presenting cells
14
Q
what are the antigen presenting cells?
A
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B-lymphocytes
15
Q
what are MHC-2 used for?
A
presenting the antigen to immune cells
16
Q
when is cell mediated immunity initiated?
A
1-2 days
17
Q
what kind of cell is activated during cell mediated immunity?
A
T cells
18
Q
what are the two types of level 3 immunities?
A
cell mediated and humoral
19
Q
when is humoral immunity initiated?
A
2-5 days
20
Q
what kind of cell is activated during humoral?
A
B cells
21
Q
APC with MHC-2 goes to lymph nodes and activates what ?
A
T helper 0 and T cytotoxic 0
22
Q
how does the antigen on the MHC-2 activate the T cells?
A
T cell receptor protein matches with antigen on MHC-2
23
Q
what does Th0 become?
A
Th1
24
Q
what cell secretes cytokines?
A
Th1
25
what does Tc0 become?
TcC or T cytotoxic clones
26
what are the two main jobs of cytokines?
- increasing phagocytosis
- activating T cytotoxic cells
27
another name for T cytotoxic cells when activated...
Killer T cells
28
how do cytokines increase phagocytosis?
1. more lysosomes
2. other cells convert to phagocytic cells
3. phagocytes become faster
29
how do cytokines activate Cytotoxic T cells
cause them to clone rapidly with info. about antigen
30
Two types of T cell clones are made. What are they?
T cytotoxic and T memory
31
which kind of T cell is the majority of clones made?
T cytotoxic
32
which kind of T cell is the minority of clones made?
T memory
33
although both kind of T cells are cloned, which one is activated and used immediately?
T cytotoxic
34
what is the only kind of T cell stays in the lymph node and does not leave to bloodstream and tissues?
T helper 1
35
why doesn't Th1 leave the lymph node?
has to keep secreting cytokines to increase phagocytosis and activate T cytotoxic cells
36
how do T cytotoxic cells find infected or abnormal self cells?
chemotaxis
37
how do T cytotoxic cells destroy cells?
perforin + granzyme
38
what kind of pathogen does T cytotoxic cells work best to eliminate?
- Infected self cells
- cancerous self
- yeast
- protozoa
- worms
39
when the threat is over which cells die from cell mediated immunity?
cloned T cytotoxic cells and T helper 1 cells
40
which cells live forever after cell mediated immunity?
T memory
41
in the second exposure (cell mediated), what happens?
T memory cells become T cytotoxic cells
42
is an APC needed in the second exposure?
no
43
how long does is take for T memory cells to become T cytotxic cells in the second exposure?
minutes
44
what are the two switches needed to activate B cells?
MHC-2 or B cell receptors in membrane
45
in humoral immunity, what happens after the APC enters the lymphoid organ?
Th0 becomes T helper 2
46
what does T helper 2 bind to?
MHC-2
47
What do the cloned B cells differentiate into?
plasma cells and B memory cells
48
what do plasma cells produce?
antibodies
49
when does antibody production begin?
5 days into infection
50
how many antibodies are produced from plasma cells?
2000/second
51
do plasma and B memory cells leave the lymph node?
no
52
when the threat is over after humoral immunity, which cells die?
plasma cells and T helper 2
53
when the threat is over after humoral immunity, which cells live forever?
B memory
54
in the second exposure (humoral), what happens?
B memory cells convert to plasma cells and secrete antibodies and do not need an APC
55
who calls antibodies gamma globulins?
blood scientitst
56
who calls antibodies immunoglobins?
immune scientists
57
what does Fab stand for?
Fractions which are Antigen Binding
58
what does Fc stand for?
Fraction which is Constant or Crystalizable
59
IgG
- 80%
- monomer
- only one that crosses placenta and will stay with baby for up to 6 months
60
IgA
- 10-15%
- dimer
- transported through glands for secretions
- tears, saliva, mucus, milk
- transmitted to baby through breastfeeding
61
IgM
- 5-10%
- pentamer
- found in blood ONLY
- grabs 10 antigens at a time
62
IgE
- less than 1%
- do not bind to antigens
- monomers
- allergic reactions
- bind to mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
63
IgD
- less than 0.5%
- monomers
- function as B cell receptors
64
B virgins make plasma cells and release these antibodies in this order... (first + subsequent exposure)
IgM first then IgG
65
how do B memory cells release antibodies in subsequent exposures?
IgG in large amounts and IgM at same time both earlier
66
anti viral drugs for attachment prossess
attachment antagonist
67
agglutination:
Fab binds to antigen causing clumping which increases phagocytosis
68
what type of pathogen does agglutination work best to eliminate
- bacteria
- larger viruses
69
opsonization
Fab binds to antigen and Fc binds to phagocyte surface and forces phagocytosis
70
what type of antigen does opsonization work best to eliminate?
bacteria only
71
Natural killer activation
Fab binds to antigen and Fc binds to NK cell and leads it to pathogen
72
what type of pathogen does Natural Killer Activation work best to eliminate?
eukaryotic abnormal self cells
73
complement activation
Fab binds to antigen Fc binds to loose complement proteins and causes inflammation, opsonization, and membrane attack complex
74
in humoral immunity what is the only molecule that leaves the lymphoid organ?
antibodies
75
inflammation works bets to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
- bacteria
- infected self cell, yeast, protozoa
76
opsonization works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
bacteria
77
membrane attack complex works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
- bacteria
- infected self, yeast, protozoa
78
neutralization
Fab binds to antigen and blocks binding ability of toxins, enzymes, adhesins, and viruses
79
oxidation
Fab binds to antigen and H2O2 or O3 are made in the local area which is facilitated by Fc.
80
oxidation works best to eliminate which kind of pathogen?
bacteria
81
allergy producing antigens
allergens
82
allergens trigger the production of what?
IgE antibodies
83
IgE antibodies bind to which kind of cells?
- mast cells
- basophiles
- eosinophiles
84
what kind of granules are found beneath of the epithelium/endothelium?
histamines, leukotrienes, bradykinins, serotonin
85
what is the name for a cell when it has hit the critical number of IgE?
fully loaded
86
what is degranulation?
release of chemicals within vesiscles in cells
87
what are the three effects of degranulation?
1. general inflammation; capillaries dilate and become leaky which causes fluid to go to tissues
2. smooth muscle contractions; constriction of airways, cramping and diarrea
3. glandular secretion; mucus, tears, digestive enzymes, acid
88
why do we have allergies?
1. expel antigens from body
2. "hygeine hypothesis"
89
what are whole cell vaccines?
live but attenuated pathogen injected
90
whole cell vaccines effectiveness and why
Highest: multiple antigens and reproduction - highest # of memory cells
91
risk of whole cell vaccine:
could get the disease since its alive
92
killed or inactivated vaccine:
pathogen has been killed but antigens still present
93
killed or inactivated vaccine effectiveness and why:
highly effective: no reproduction but multiple antigens
94
risk of killed or inactivated vaccine?
no risk of infection but strong immune response
95
generalized transduction happens where?
lytic cycle only
95
soluble subunit effectiveness and why:
lowest effectiveness: response to only antigens injected booster needed
95
soluble antigens (subunits) vaccine:
antigens injected
96
soluble subunit vaccine risk
lowest risk no danger of infection except to adjuvants
97
how are recombinant vaccines created?
manipulating DNA
98
bacterial conjugation donor
always F+
99
bacterial conjugation recipient
always F-
can be same or dif species
100
what does F+ cell do?
make sex pili
101
F+ sends what to F- via cyto. bridge?
F+ copy
102
recombinant attenuated vaccine effectiveness and why:
highly effective + safer: virulance factor deleted, reproducing w multiple antigens
103
for hfr conjugation does the recipient become a donor?
no
104
how do pathogens enter?
dose and portal of entry
105
how are capsules used as weapons
- neutralize antibiotics
- avoid phagocytosis
- block complement activation
- delay immune response
106
how are enzymes used as weapons
alter substrate in host tissue
107
invasins
flagella along with invasin enzymes allow bacteria to push through cells of blood vessel walls
108
what enzyme does spirochaetes use to make it more virulent?
invasins
109
coagulase
- clotting
- prevents WBC from entering
- localizing enzymes
- helps form local infections
110
streptokinase
- breaksdown blood clots
- allows speticemia
111
hyalouronidase
dissolves hylauronic acid
112
collagenase
breakdown collagen
113
which two enzymes work together to get between and under cell layers?
collagenase and hylauronidase
114
hylauronidase and collagenase spread through tissue not blood. what is that called?
systemic
115
leucocidin
- kills WBC
- makes pus
116
M protein
- prevent phagocytosis by WBC
- pseudopods cannot grab pathogens
117
hemolysin
- rupture RBC
- releases Fe and proteins
- decrease O2 and increase CO2 for microaerophiles
118
protease
- digest proteins
119
lipase
-breaks down fats
120
amylase
- carbs
121
how does liquifying tissues help pathogens?
- they eat you
- prevent circulation so theres no WBC
- prevent drugs
122
exotoxins
toxins that exit the bacterial cells
123
how do exotoxins leave?
- proteins
- secreted from live cells
- gram (-) and gram (+) can produce
- antitoxins produce by immune system
124
antitoxin
antibodies that destroy toxins only
125
toxoid
denatured toxin used in a vaccin
126
cytotoxin
- directly kills cells
- causes lesions
- Ex. Anthrax
127
neurotoxins
effects nerve system
128
two types of neurotoxins
- botulism
- tetanus
129
what type of paralysis is botulism
flaccid
130
how does botulism toxic work?
- binds to motor nerve endings
131
botulism prevents release of what?
neurotransmitters - acetylcholine
132
infant botulism is what?
it is a food infection NOT an intoxication
133
what kind of paralysis is tetanus?
rigid
134
how does tetanus work?
- binds to nerve endings
- releases neurotransmitter
135
enterotoxin
effects digestive tract
136
enterotoxin effects
- fluid loss
- increased peristalsis
137
endotoxin
toxin released inside the cell
138
where is lipid toxin found?
LPS layer
139
what kind of cells are endotoxins found in?
gram (-) ONLY
140
when are endotoxins released?
when cell dies
141
systemic effect of endotoxins
- shock
- fever
- inflammation
- drop in BP
- blood clots
142
why are endotoxins lipids?
because they do not trigger an immune response
143
if lipids do cause an immune response, what cannot be made in response to endotoxins?
antitoxins
144
intra
same species
145
inter
talk to other species
146
evidence of viral infected cell abnormalities
cytopathic effects
147
how do viral cytopathic effects show up
often as lesions and lack of function
148
syncytium formation
cells merge into large mass
149
multinucleated cells
cell has more than one nucleus but does NOT get bigger
150
inclusion bodies
clumps of host cell organelles or viral products seen in host cell
151
nucleomegaly
nucleus gets bigger but cell DOES NOT
152
enlargement
cell gets bigger
153
rounding
infected cell becomes round
154
skin
- normal flora
- cornification
- hair
- salt
- lysozyme
- sloughing; flushing
155
respiratory tract
- lysozyme
- flushing
- cilliary escalator
156
eyes
- hair
- salt
- lysozyme
- flushing
157
mouth
- normal flora
- lysozyme
- flushing
- digestive enzymes
158
urinary tract (male)
- flushing
159
female reproductive tract
- normal flora (vagina only)
- acid (vagina only)
- lysozyme
- cilliary escalator
160
digestive tract
- normal flora (intestines only)
- acid (stomach only)
- lysozyme
- peristalsis; flushing
- digestive enzymes
161
what is phagocytosis?
engulfed material either digested or secreted
162
where are neutrophiles found?
blood and tissues
163
where are monocytes found?
blood only
164
what cell is deprived from monocytes?
macrophages
165
where are macrophages found
tissues only
166
what are the three types of macrophages?
- dendritic
- kupffer
- microglial
167
where are dendritic cells found?
skin
168
where are keupfer cells found?
liver
169
where are microglial cells found?
brain
170
first step of phagocytosis:
1. WBC find bacteria via taxis
171
what MUST phagocytic cells have?
lysosome pouch
172
what is in the lysosome pouch?
- lysosomes
- acid
- super oxide
- digestive enzymes
173
second step of phagocytosis:
pseudopods grab particle
174
third step of phagocytosis:
- phagocyte must digest particle material into the phagosome pouch
- release alert signla via cytokines
175
fourth step of phagocytosis
- fusion phagosome + lysosome = phagolysosome
176
fifth step of phagocytosis:
- digest material
177
sixth step of phagocytosis:
- secrete undigested material vis exocytosis
178
antigen
unique, recognizable molecules of pathogen saved
179
what cells use MHC-2
APC:
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
- B- lymphocytes
180
bacterial antigens:
- membrane proteins
- endo + exoenzymes
- flagella
-pilli
digestive enzymes
- capsules
181
viral antigens:
- capsomeres
- peplomers or matrix proteins
- enzymes
182
fungal antigens
- eukaryotic cells
- protozoa and worms
- cell surface proteins
- enzymes
183
your own cells that are not working normally
abnormal self cells
184
neutralization toxins
cant bind to tissues
185
neutralization enzymes
cant bind to substrate
186
neutralization bacterial adhesions
cant bind to tissue/ surface
187
neutralization viruses
cant bind to host cell
188
dolor
pain
189
rubor
red
190
tumor
swelling
191
calor
heat
