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Human Anatomy > Lecture Test 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural and functional divisions of the nervous system.

A

Structural: Central and Peripheral
Functional: Sensory and Motor

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2
Q

Parts of a neuron and their functions

A

Cell body - control center

Dendrites - receive input and transfer to cell body

Axon - send signal away from cell body to axon terminal
-Telodendria - fine branches at axon terminal
-Synaptic knobs - expanded ends that form junctions with other cells

Cytoskeleton
-Neurtotubules
-Neurofibrils - provide structural support

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3
Q

Structural classifications of neurons.

A

Unipolar - single process from soma
Bipolar - one axon; one dendrite
Multipolar - one axon; multiple dendrites

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4
Q

Functional classifications of neurons.

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons - transmit signal from receptors to CNS

Interneurons - receive input from other neurons; process, store and retrieve information to determine response

Motor (efferent) neurons - carry impulses away from CNS to muscle or gland

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5
Q

Glial cells – function/location

A

In CNS:
Astrocytes (most abundant in CNS) - stimulate foundation of blood-brain barrier; regulates composition of interstitial brain fluid; supportive framework; assist neuronal development in fetal brain

Ependymal cell - line cavities of brain and spinal cord; help form choroid plexus

Microglia - destroy microorganisms, foreign matter and dangerous nervous tissue

Oligodendrocytes - cellular processes from myelin sheath in brain and spinal cord

In PNS:
Satelitte cells
Schwann cells - aid in regeneration of damaged nerve fibers

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6
Q

Saltatory conduction – What is it? What anatomical features permit is type of impulse conduction? What cells are involved?

A

Nodes are formed by neurolemmocytes or oligodendrocytes

Nerve impulse occurs only at nodes - “skipping”

Occurs only in myelinated cells

Nerve impulses go to skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Variables that influence speed of conduction of nerve impulse (action potential)

A

Diameter of fiber - larger fiber; faster conduction

Presence of myelin sheath - myelination; faster conduction

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8
Q

Function/structure of a synapse.

A

Specialized junction between a neuron and any other cell

Presynaptic neuron - sends the signal
Synaptic knob
Synaptic vesicles
Synaptic cleft - space between neurons
Post-synaptic neuron - receives the signal
Neurotransmitter receptor

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9
Q

Sequence of events at a synapse.

A
  1. Nerve impuse reach synaptic knob
  2. Synaptic vesicles move to membrane and relase neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
  3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor of postsynaptic membrane and initiates a response
  5. Neurotransmitter is removed from synaptic cleft or degraded
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10
Q

Difference between gray and white matter. (location/composition)

A

Gray matter - houses neuron cell bodies, dendrites, synapses, and unmyelinated axons; located in cerebral cortex

White matter - derives its color from myelin; located deep to the cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Meningeal layers, location of subarachnoid space, dural sinus, dural septa, epidural space

A

Pia mater - deepest layer; closely adheres to all contours of the brain

Arachnoid mater - middle layer; web-like membrane

Subarachnoid space - space between pia and arachnoid mater

Dura mater - composed of dense irregular connective tissue; layers fused except in regions enclosing dural sinuses

Dural septa - falx cerebi; tentorium cerebelli

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12
Q

Functions of choroid plexus, arachnoid villi

A

Choroid plexus - capillaries covered with ependymal cells; makes about 500 ml CSF/day

Arachnoid villi - extensions of arachnoid mater that project into dural sinuses; removes about 500 ml CSF/day

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13
Q

Structure, function and location of blood-brain barrier.

A

Projections of astrocytes, basement memebrane, capillary endothelium with tight junctions

Strictly regulates what substances can enter interstitial fluid of brain

Fat soluble substances can cross BBB

Located between the cerebral capillary blood and interstitial fluid

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14
Q

Functions/locations of brain regions without BBB.

A

Choroid plexus - capillaries must be permeable to make CSF

Circumventricular organs - walls of 3rd and 4th ventricles

Hypothalamus and pineal gland - capillaries must be permeable to permit hormone secretion

Regions where infectious agents can enter brain

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15
Q

What is hemispheric lateralization? left side? right side? In most people which side is dominant?

A

Corpus callosum allows hemispheres to communicate - each hemisphere is specialized for a specific task

Categorial hemisphere (left) - motor speech area, abstract thinking

Representation hemisphere (right) - creative and artistic

The left hemisphere is the dominant side for most people

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16
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

Cognition; higher intellectual functions
Personality
Motor speech
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex

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17
Q

Parietal lobe function

A

Receives and interprets signals of general senses

Understanding speech

Formulating words to express thoughts

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18
Q

Occipital lobe function

A

Visual perception

Integrating movements in focusing eyes

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19
Q

Temporal lobe function

A

Hearing and smell
Understanding speech

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20
Q

Insula function

A

Taste

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21
Q

Function/location of primary motor area. Relation to upper motor neurons? Know general descending motor pathway. (upper vs lower motor neurons)

A

Location - precentral gyrus
Function - upper motor neurons stimulate lower motor neurons in brainstem and spinal cord which innervate skeletal muscle
Pathway - decending pathways carry motor information from brain down spinal cordto muscles or glands

22
Q

Function/location of primary somatosensory cortex. Know general ascending sensory
pathway.

A

Location - postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
Function - receives and interprets general somatosensory information (touch, pressure, pain, temperature)
Pathway - acsending pathways carry sensory information from peripheral receptors though spinal cord to brain

23
Q

Primary, secondary, tertiary neurons – locations.

A

Primary - sensory neuron in periphery; cell body in postier root ganglion

Secondary - interneuron; cell body in posterior horn of spinal cord or brainstem nucleus; axon projects to thalamus

Tertiary - interneuron; cell body in thalamus; axon projects to cerebral cortex

24
Q

Regions involved in language and their functions (Wernicke area, Broca area, primary motor cortex)

A

Broca area - produce speech
Wernicke area - recognition of written and spoken words
Primary motor cotex - receives program from broca area

25
Q

Parts/functions of brainstem.

A

Midbrain
-cerebral aqueduct
-nuclei of cranial nerves
-corpora quadrigemina
-fiber tracts

Pons
-Ascending and descending fiber tracts
-nuclei of cranial nerves
-respiratory centers

Medulla oblongata
-foramen magnum to pons
-pyramids
-ascending and descending fiber tracts
-nuclei of cranial nerves
-vital centers (cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory)
-non vital centers (involved in reflexes)

26
Q

Function of limbic system

A

Motivation, emotion, and memories with an emotional association

27
Q

At least 8 questions on cranial nerves (number/functions)

A

1 - olfactory - smell
2 - optic - vision
3 - oculomotor - muscle function and pupil response
4 - trochlear - in charge of downward, outward, and inward eye movements
5 - trigeminal - upper part of face, maxillary, and mandibular
6 - abducens - lateral rectus eye muscle
7 - facial - taste from 2/3 of tongue, facial expressions, secretion from lacrimal or salivary gland
8 - vestibulocochlear - hearing; equilibirum
9 - glossopharyngeal - sinuses, back part of throat, parts of inner ear and back part of tongue
10 - vagus - visceral sensory information from heart, lungs and most abdominal ograns; general information from external austic meatus, tympanic membrane, pharynx, larynx
11 - accessory - trapezius muscle, sternocleidomastoid
12 - hypoglossal - intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

28
Q

Gross anatomy of spinal cord. (medullary cone, vertebral level at where cord ends, cauda equina, terminal filament)

A

Medually cone - tapered end of spinal cord

Cauda Equine - bundle of nerve roots that extend from L2 to S5

Terminal filament - fibrous strand of pia mater that extends inferiorly from the conus medullaris

Longitudinal grooves - anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus

Enlargements - cervical (motor neurons serving upper extremities) and lumbar (motor neurons serving lower extremities)

29
Q

Regions of spinal cord – think about the cross section: What types of cell bodies are in anterior and lateral horns? What happens in posterior horn? What type of fibers are found in the anterior roots/posterior roots? Cell bodies of what type of neuron are in the posterior root ganglion?

A

Anterior horn - cell bodies of somatic motor neurons; innervate skeletal muscles

Lateral horn - cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons, innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Posterior horn - axons of sensory neurons - sends sensory impulses to brain; cell bodies of interneruons

Anterior roots - motor fibers

Posterior roots - sensory fibers

Posterior root ganglion - cell bodies of sensory nerves

30
Q

What is a spinal nerve? How many? Sensory, motor or mixed?

A

Axons bundled together by connective tissue
31 pairs of nerves, all mixed

31
Q

Connective tissue around nerve

A

Endoneurium - surrounds a fiber
Pernineurium - bundles fibers into fascicles
Epineurium - surrounds entire nerve

32
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve

All spinal nerves innervate skin except C1

33
Q

Know location of the 4 main plexuses. Also what nerves come off each plexus (stick with notes as to what nerves).

A

Cervical - phrenic nerve

Brachial - axillary nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, radial nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve

Lumbar - femoral nerve

Sacral - sciatic nerve

34
Q

What is a reflex? Know the components of a somatic reflex in sequential order.

A

Reflex - quick involuntary, stereotyped reactions of glands or muscles to stimuli

Somatic receptors, afferent neurons, integrating center (interneurons), effector neuron, skeletal muscles

35
Q

What is the functional significance of decussation?

A

Left side of brain controls right side of body
Right side of brain controls left side of body

36
Q

Be able to identify an ascending pathway or descending pathway by name. What type of info is carried in an ascending tract? descending tract?

A

Ascending - carry sensory information from peripheral receptors through spinal cord to brain

Ascending names - spinocerebellar, spinothalamic, fasciculus cuneatus, fasciculus gracilis

Descending - carry motor information from brain down spinal cord to muscles or glands

Descending names - corticospinal tract (spinal nerves), corticobulbar tract (cranial nerves), tectospinal tract, vestibulospinal tract

37
Q

What is the meaning of cerebral lateralization?

A

Highly correlated with handedness.

In 95% of population, left hemipshere is the categorical hemisphere
90% of popular is right handed

38
Q

What regions of brain and cranial nerves are associated with speech?

A

Wernicke area - ability to recongize written and spoken language

Angular gyrus - processes the words we read into a form we can speak

Corresponding area - recognizes the emotional content of speech

39
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness of sensation, voluntary control of motor activities, and activities necessary for higher mental processing

40
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation and RAS?

A

Recticular formation
-controls sleep-wake cycle
-involved in arousing cortex to consciousness
-regulates muscle tone
-assists autonomic centers in pons and medulla (respiration, heart rate, blood pressure)

RAS
-Responsible for alerting cerebrum to incoming sensory information
-uses sensory input to maintain a state of mental alertness

41
Q

Be able to identify sympathetic vs parasympathetic actions.

A

Sympathetic
-“fight or flight”
-responds to arousal, fear, danger, anger, stress, competition
-decreases activity of blood flow to GI tract
-dilates pupils

Parasympathetic
-“rest and digest”
-homeostasis at rest
-decreases heart rate
-increases activity of GI tract
-constricts pupils

42
Q

Why is parasympathetic NS called craniosacral division? Sympathetic NS the thoracolumbar division? which is involved in mass activation?

A

Preganglionic neurons originate in the brain and S2-S4 segments of the spinal cord

Preganglionic neurons found within lateral horn of spinal cord (T1-L2)

Sympathetic divsion is involed in mass activation

43
Q

Ganglia associated with each branch of ANS and their location.

A

Parasympathetic
-terminal ganglia; close to effector
-intramural ganglial within effector

Sympathetic
-paravertebral ganglia; form chains lateral to verterbral column
-prevertebral ganlgia; located only in abdominopelvic cavity; lie anterior to vertebral column on surface of aorta

44
Q

Know where ACh or NE is released. Know location of nicotinic, muscarinic and adrenergic receptors.

A

Parasympathetic
-preganglionic releases ACh
-postganglionic releases ACh

Sympathetic
-preganglionic releases ACh
-most postganglionic releases NE

Nicotinic - located on soma and dendrites of all postganglionic neurions and the junction folds of NMJ

Muscarinic - located on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Adrenergic - sympathetic nervous system

45
Q

What is dual innervation?

A

Organs are innervated by SNS and PSNS nerve fibers

Antagonistic effects - opposite effects

46
Q

Visceral reflex components

A

Stimulus, visceral receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center (interneuron), preganglionic neuron, autonomic ganglion, postganglionic neuron, effector (smooth, cardiac muscle, glands)

47
Q

Parts/functions of Epithalamus

A

Pineal gland - secretes melatonin which is involved in circadian rhythm

48
Q

Functions of Thalamus

A

Relay center for all sensory information except smell

49
Q

Functions of Hypothalamus

A

Master control center
-cardiovascular regulation
-water intake (thirst)
-regulates appetite
-temperature regulation
-sleep/wake rhythm
-emotional behavior
-synthesizes hormones

50
Q

Functions of Cerebellum

A

Muscle coordination
Fine motor control
Muscle tone
Posture
Equilibrium

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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