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Human Anatomy > Lecture Test 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

Endocrine - ductless glands that secrete hormones into blood or surrounding fluids

Exocrine - Produce secretions that are transported through ducts

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2
Q

What is a mixed gland?

A

Have both endocrine and exocrine functions

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3
Q

Growth hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - promotes tissue growth and cellular differentiation

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4
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones (primarily T4)

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5
Q

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoid

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6
Q

Follice Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function (male) - stimulates sperm productions

Function (female) - stimulates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates estrogen secretion

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7
Q

Luteinizing Hormone/Interstitial cell stimulating hormone

A

Location - anterior pituiary

Function (male) - stimulate interstitial cells in testies to secrete testosterone

Function (female) - stimulates ovulation; stimulates formation/maintenance of coprus luteum in ovary

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8
Q

Prolaction

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates lactation in post-partum females

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9
Q

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

A

Location - anterior pituitary

Function - stimulates melanocytes of skin

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10
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Location - posterior pituitary

Function - regulates blood pressure; causes kidneys to reabsorb water forming a more concentrated urine; vasoconstriction

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11
Q

Ocytocin

A

Location - posterior pituitary

Function - stimulates uterine contractions; milk ejection from mammary glands

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12
Q

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Location - thyoid gland (follicular cells)

Function - sets cellular basal metabolic rate

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13
Q

Calcitonin

A

Location - thyroid gland (parafollicular cells)

Function - lowers serum calcium levels

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14
Q

Parathyroid hormone (chief cells)

A

Location - parathyroid gland

Function - raises serum calcium levels

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15
Q

Glucagon

A

Location - pancreatic islets (alpha cells)

Function - stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose; raises blood glucose levels

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16
Q

Insulin

A

Location - pancreatic islets (beta cells)

Function - promotes cellular uptake of glucose; lowers blood glucose levels

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17
Q

Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - promotes renal Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

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18
Q

Glucocorticoids (hydrocortisone, cortisol)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - anti-inflammatory; stimulates fat and protein breakdown to raise blood glucose and fatty acid levels

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19
Q

Gonadcorticoids (androgens)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - secretes androgens (DHEA and testosterone)

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20
Q

Epinephrine (85%) and Norepinephrine (15%)

A

Location - adrenal cortex

Function - effects similar to stimulating SNS; moblize glucose and fatty acids

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21
Q

Estrogen

A

Location - ovary - ovarian follicle (weeks 1 & 2)

Function - stimulates development and function of secondary sex organs and characteristics; repair and growth of endometrium

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22
Q

Inhibin

A

Location - female - ovary - ovarian follicle (weeks 1 & 2)

Location - male - testis - sustentacular cells

Function - inhibits FSH secretion

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23
Q

Estrogen (corpus luteum)

A

Location - corpus luteum (weeks 3 & 4)

Function - stimulates growth of endometrium

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24
Q

Progesterone

A

Location - corpus luteum (weeks 3 & 4)

Function - stimulates formation of uterine glands in endometrium

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25
Q

Testosterone

A

Location - testis (interstitial cells)

Function - stimulates development and function of secondary sex organs and sex characteristics

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26
Q

Melatonin

A

Location - pineal gland

Function - thought to function in setting biological rhythms

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27
Q

Renin

A

Location - kidney

Function - initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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28
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Location - kidney

Function - Stimultes red blood cell production in bone marrow

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29
Q

Naturetic peptide

A

Location - cardiac atria

Function - increases sodium excretion by kidney to lower blood volume and pressure

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30
Q

Thymosin

A

Location - thymus

Function - stimulates production and activity of T lymphocytes

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31
Q

Leptin

A

Location - adipose

Function - long-term appetite regulation

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32
Q

Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus influences the secretion of regulatory hormones from the anterior pituitary

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33
Q

Inhibiting/Releasing hormones

A

Corticotropin - releasing hormone; secretes ACTH

Gonadotropin - releasing hormone; secretes FSH & LH

Growth hormone - releasing hormone; secretes GH

Prolactin- releasing factor; secretes prolactin

Thyrotropin - releasing hormone; secretes TSH

Growth hormone - inhibiting hormone; inhibits GH

Prolactin - inhibiting hormone; inhibits prolactin

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34
Q

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal
portal system and anterior pituitary hormones.

A

Anterior pituitary is linked to hypothalamus via hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Portal system - 2 capillary beds in series
1st set - in hypothalamus
2nd set - in anterior pituitary

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35
Q

Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary.

A

Posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via fiber tracts

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
-neuron cell bodies in hypothalamus
-axon terminals in posterior pituitary

ADH and Oxytocin are stored in synaptic vesicles of axon terminals within posterior pituitary gland

Hormones are secreted when neurons within hypothalamus are stimualated

36
Q

Describe the two main hormones that
regulate blood glucose, what stimulates their secretion and actions of each
hormone.

A

Alpha cells - Glucagon
-secreted when blood glucose levels decrease below normal values
-raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogenolysis, gluconeogenisis and release of glucose into blood

Beta cells - Insulin
-secreted when blood glucose levels increase above normal levels
-lowers blood glucose levels by increasing cellular uptake, utilization and storage of glucose

37
Q

Describe the composition of plasma

A

Plasma - mixture of water, proteins and solutes

Serum - plasma without clotting proteins

38
Q

Composition of formed elements

A

Formed elements (45% of whole blood)
-erythrocytes 44%
-leukocytes, platelets <1%

39
Q

What is the typical pH of blood?

A

Acidic 0-7
Alkaline 7-14

Typical - 7.35-7.45

40
Q

What are the general functions of blood?

A

Transportation
-CO2 and O2
-Nutrients, waste products, and hormones

Regulation
-body temperature
-buffers to stabilize blood pH
-platelets, clotting factors to prevent fluid loss

Protection
-leukocytes and antibodies

41
Q

What is the main component of plasma?

A

Water

42
Q

Know the % and functions of plasma proteins

A

Albumin - 58%
-osmotic pressure, transport protein, pH buffer

Globulins - 37%
-alpha/beta - transport proteins
-gamma - antibodies

Fibrinogen - 4%
-inactive clotting protein

Regulatory protein - <1%
-enzymes, pro-enzymes, hormones

43
Q

What organ/cells makes the various plasma proteins?

A

Liver
-albumin
-alpha and beta globulins
-fibrinogen

RER
-plasma proteins

Lymphocytes
-antibodies

44
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without clotting proteins

45
Q

Know total blood volume and cell counts

A

Total blood volume: 4-6 liters

RBCs - 5 million mm3
WBCs - 4500 - 11000 mm3
Platelets - 150,000 - 400,000

46
Q

Know general functions of each formed element.

A

RBCs - transport respiratory gases
WBCs - contribute to immune response and defense against pathogens
Platelets - help initaite blood clotting

47
Q

Describe the structure and know specific functions of Neutrophil

A

Light pink granules
Nucleus has 3-5 lobes
Phagocytic cells
50-70%

Produce peroxidase in repsonse to bacterial infection

48
Q

Describe the structure and know specific functions of Lymphocyte

A

Spherical nucleus
Light blue cytoplasm
20-40%
Secrete antibodies

Coordinate activity of other immune cells

49
Q

Describe the structure and know specific functions of Monocyte

A

Variable nuclear shape
Light blue cytoplasm
2-8%

Tissue macrophage

50
Q

Describe the structure and know specific functions of Eosinophil

A

Red granules
Bilobed nucleus
1-4%

Allergic responses; parasitic infections

51
Q

Describe the structure and know specific functions of Basophil

A

Dark blue granules
.5-1%

Secrete heparin - anticoagulant
Secrete histamine - vasodilator

52
Q

Describe structure and function of platelets

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes
150,000-400,000
Life span - 10 days
Destroyed by liver and spleen

Aid in homeostasis
Secrete vasoconstrictors

53
Q

Describe structure of RBC and Hb.

A

RBC
-biconcave disc
-anucleate
-lacks many organelles

Hemoglobin
-red pigmented protein
-4 polypepties each with a heme group
-Iron ion in middle of heme group reversibly binds O2

Each cell contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules

54
Q

What is the stimulus for RBC formation? What hormone is involved? RBC life
cycle?

A

Erythropoiesis - stimulates production of RBCs

Occurs in red bone marrow

Short life span - 120 days
-with age, RBCs become more fragile
-1% moved from circulation each day
-phagocytized by cells in liver and spleen

55
Q

Be able to recognize a blood type by the presence or absence of an antigen.

A

Type A
-Antigen A, Anti-B antibodies

Type B
-Antigen B, Anti-A antibodies

Type AB
-Antigens A&B, no antibodies

Type O
-No antigens, Anti-A and Anti B antibodies

Rh positive
-surface antigen D, no anti-D antibodies

Rh negative
-No surfance antigen D, no anti-D antibodies unless eposed to Rh positive

56
Q

Know blood flow through heart and lungs

A

Systemic veins
IVC/SVC
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Valve
Pulmonary Trunk
Pulmonary Arteries
Pulmonary Capillaries
Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Bicuspid Valve
Left Ventricle
Aortic Valve
Systemic arties

Aorta

57
Q

General function of valves. Describe the structure of AV and semilunar valves.

A

Keep blood flowing in one direction

AV
-valve leaflets
-tendinous cords
-papillary muscles

Semilunar
-3 half-moon cusps

58
Q

Know what causes valves to open and close. Be specific. for example, right AV
valve opens when pressure in the RA is greater than the pressure in the RV.

A

Atrial P > Ventricular P = AV valves open

Ventricular P > Atrial P = AV valves close

Ventricular P > Blood P in Pulmonary trunk or Aorta = semilunar valves open

Ventricular P < Blood pressure = semilunar valves close

59
Q

Structure of pericardium

A

Parietal pericardium - outer fibrous layer of dense irregular connective tissue

Visceral pericardium - serous membrane on surface of heart

Percardial cavity - space between parietal and visceral; contains pericardial fluid to reduce friction

60
Q

Function/location of fibrous pericardium.

A

Double wall sac surrounding the heart
Restricts heart movement; prevents overfilling of heart

61
Q

What creates 1st and 2nd heart sound?

A

1st heart sound - closure of AV valves
2nd heart sounds - closure of semilunar valves

62
Q

Name the circulation the sends blood to the heart muscle. Name and know general
location of the major arteries/veins involved.

A

Coronary circulation

Left coronary artery
-anterior interventricular artery
-circumflex artery

Right coronary artery
-right marginal artery
-posterior interventricular artery

Venous drainage
-cardiac veins parallel arteries
-great cardiac vein
-veins empty into coronary sinus
-returns blood to right atrium

63
Q

Describe the conducting system of the heart. What is its function?

A

Ensure efficient pumping of blood

Sinoatrial node
Internodal pathways
Atrioventricular node
R&L bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

64
Q

What is a functional syncytium? What structural feature permits the heart to act as a unit?

A

Ability of cardiac muscle to function as single, coordinated unit due to presence of intercalated discs

65
Q

Describe the innervation of heart. What is autorhythmicity?

A

Dually innervated by ANS

SNS
-innervates SA and VA nodes and ventricular muscle
-increases heart rate and contractile strength

PNS
-innervates SA and AV nodes
-decreases heart rate

Autorhythmicity - heart can initiate a heatbeat without external nerves

66
Q

Describe the ECG and state what is occurring during the main waveforms.

A

ECG records electrical heart activity

Wave forms:
P wave - atrial depolarization - initiates muscle contraction (systole)

QRS Complex - ventricular depolarization

T Wave - ventricular repolarization - initates muscle relaxation (diastole)

67
Q

Define the term cardiac cycle, diastole, and systole.

A

Cardiac cycle - one complete cycle of contraction and relaxtion

Systole - contraction of heart chamber; heart ejects blood into next chamber of blood vessel

Diastole - relaxation phase of a heart chamber; chamber fills with blood

68
Q

Structure of blood vessel walls.

A

Tunica intima - endothelium
-simple squamous epithelium overlying a tin layer of areolar connective tissue

Tunica media
-circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic fibers
-sympathetic nervous system innervation

Tunica Externa
-areolar connective tissue
-helps anchor vessel to other structure

69
Q

Difference between arteries, veins and capillaries – structure/function

A

Arteries
-thick tunica media
-relatively small lumen
-arteries get smaller as they move away from heart

Capillaries
-only tunic intima
-permits rapid diffusion of gases, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues

Veins
-thick tunica externa
-relatively large lumen
-veins merge together and get larger as they move toward the heart
-valves

70
Q

Different types of arteries.

A

Elastic
-largest arteries
-aorta, common carotid, subclavian, common iliac and pulmonary trunk
-conducting arteries
-elastic fibers permit stretching

Muscular
-distributing arteries
-distribute blood to specific organs
-renal, inferior mesenteric, radial
-thicker tunica media

Arterioles
-sympathetic innervation of tunica media
-vasoconstriction decreases blood flow and raises blood pressure
-vasodilation increases blood flow
-resistance vessels

71
Q

Structure of capillary beds.

A

Originate from metarterioles
-very short vessels
-link arterioles to capillaries

Smooth muscle forms precapillary spincter
-contraction of spincter reduces or shuts off flow through capillary bed

72
Q

Types of capillaries and their locations.

A

Continuous
-adjacent endothelial cells joined by tight junctions

Fenestrated
-filtration pores
-kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestines

Sinusoids
-large spaces between endothelial cells
-bone marrow, spleen, liver

73
Q

What helps blood return to heart from toes?

A

Valves

74
Q

What are diastolic and systolic blood pressures?

A

Systolic - highest arterial blood pressure
Diastolic - lowest arterial blood pressure

75
Q

Know the anatomy and function of the hepatic portal system.

A

Venous network that drains GI tract and shunts blood to liver

mesenteric/spenic/gastic veins –> hepatic potal vein –> liver –> hepatic veins –> IVC

76
Q

Which vessel are involved in blood flow to/from brain?

A

Internal carotid arteries
Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Cerebral arterial circle

Internal jugular vein
External jugular vein

77
Q

Know features of fetal circulation and how they change after birth.

A

Foramen ovale - forms fossa ovalis right after birth

Ductus arteriosus - forms ligamentum ateriosum 10 hours post partum

Ductus venosus, umbilical arteries and umbilical vein constrict and form ligaments

78
Q

What is lymph?

A

Clear, colorless fluid similar to blood plasma but low in proteins

79
Q

Functions of lymphatic system?

A

Transport body fluids and help body fight infections

Fluid Recovery - return interstitial fluid to circulation

Immunity - transport lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins from intestinal villus of small intestine to the bloodsteam

80
Q

Describe lymphatic capillaries.

A

Closed-ended tubes interspersed among most blood capillary networks

Simple squamous epithelium, no basement membrane

Lacteals - lymphatic capillaries in small intestines

81
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

Develop T lymphocytes

82
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Largest lymphatic organ

Monitors blood for pathogens
Remove old RBCs

Red pulp
-concentration of RBCs
-blood reservoir
White pulp
-lymphocytes and macrophages
-monitor blood for foreign materials, bacteria, and foreign antigens

83
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Most numerous lymphatic organ

Filters lymph
Initial immune response
Site of lymphocyte activation

84
Q

What is the function of tonsils?

A

Guard against inhaled and ingested pathogens

85
Q

Into what vessels do the lymphatic ducts return lymph so the fluid re-enters systemic
circulation?

A

Subclavian veins

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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