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Human Anatomy > Lecture Test 5 > Flashcards

Lecture Test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiological divisions of the respiratory system.

A

Conducting divison
-air passages
-nose –> terminal bronchioles

Respiratory divsion
-gas exchange
-respiratory bronchioles –> alveolar sacs

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2
Q

Anatomical divisions of the respiratory system.

A

Upper respiratory tract
-respiratory organs in head and neck
-nose, nasal cavity, pharynx

Lower respiratory tract
-respiratory organs in chest
-larynx –> alveoli

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3
Q

Differences between pulmonary ventilation, external respiration and internal
respiration.

A

Pulmonary ventilation - the act of breathing; 2 cycles: inhalation and exhalation

External respiration - exchange of gases between atmosphere and blood; oxygen enters blood and carbon dioxide enters alveoli to be exhaled

Internal respiration - exchange of gases between blood and tissues; oxygen enteres tissues and carbon dioxide enters blood

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4
Q

What is involved in conditioning air before it reaches the alveoli? Where does
most of this conditioning occur?

A

Air is warmed, humidified, and filtered

This occurs in the nasal cavity

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5
Q

Know organs air must pass through to reach the alveoli. Be specific: name regions
of pharynx, types of bronchi and bronchioles…)

A

Nose
Paranasal sinuses
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Primary bronchus
Secondary bronchus
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
Alveoli

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6
Q

What types of epithelium line the various organs? (regions of pharynx, trachea,
etc.)

A

Nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx - nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

Laryngopharynx - nonkeritanized stratified squamous epithelium

Trachea - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Larger bronchi - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Smaller bronchi - simple columnar epithelium

Larger bronchioles - simple ciliated columnar epithelium

Smaller bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium

Respiratory bronchioles - simple cuboidal epithelium

Alveolar ducts - simple squamous epithelium

Alveoli - simple squamous epithelium

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7
Q

Name and locate the main cartilages of larynx.

A

Thyroid cartilage - lateral and anterior walls

Cricoid cartilage - inferior to thyroid cartilage

Epiglottis cartilage - anchored to inner thyroid cartilage and projects into pharynx

Arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilage - located internally

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8
Q

Function of epiglottis.

A

Keeps solid and liquid materials out of airway

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9
Q

Function of tracheal cartilage.

A

Keep the airway open

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10
Q

3 components of the respiratory membrane.

A

Squamous (type 1) alveolar cell
Basement membrane
Capillary endothelial cell

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11
Q

Function of different cell types in alveoli: type I, type II, alveolar macrophage.

A

Type I - simple squamous; promotes rapid gas diffusion

Type II - secretes surfactant and prevents alveolar collapse with expiration

Macrophage - phagocytizes dust, debris, bacteria, etc

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12
Q

Know which direction O2 and CO2 move across respiratory membrane.

A

O2 diffuses into blood; CO2 diffuses into alveolus

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13
Q

Location of pleurae, function of pleural cavity and pleural fluid.

A

Visceral pleura - serous membrane that covers lung surface

Parietal pleura - serious membrane that lines cavity walls

Pleural cavity - space between the pleural membranes; contains pleural fluid

Pleural fluid - reduces friction during breathing

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14
Q

Muscles of inspiration (unforced/forced)?

A

Unforced
-diaphragm - phrenic nerve
-external intercostal muscles

Forced
-scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid

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15
Q

Muscles of expiration (unforced/forced)?

A

Unforced
-diaphragm
-external intercostal muscles

Forced
-internal intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles

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16
Q

Functions and locations of DRG, VRG, pneumotaxic center and apneustic center.

A

Dorsal Resipiratory Group (medulla)
-intergrating center
-receives input from PRG, chemoreceptors, irritant receptors
-relays input to VRG

Ventral Respiratory Group (medulla)
-primary pacemaker for respiratory rhythm
-controls both inspiration and exhalation

Pontine Respiratory Group (pons)
-regulates shift from inspiration to expiration
-makes breathing faster/slower; deeper/shallower
-adapts breathing to circumstances

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17
Q

What are other factors that can regulate breathing?

A

Central chemoreceptors
-medulla

Peripheral chemoreceptors
-aortic and carotid bodies
-glossopharyngeal nerve sends information from carotid bodies to medulla
-vagus nerve sends information from aortic bodies to medulla

Stretch receptors
-excessive inflation of lungs sends inhibitory signals to DRG to stop inspiraton
-vagus nerve

Irritant receptors
-stimulate coughing, shallow breathing, breath holding when an irritant is inhaled
-vagus nerve

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18
Q

Define tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume,
residual volume, vital capacity and total lung capacity.

A

Tidal volume (500 mL)- volume moved in and out of the lungs during quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve (3000 mL) - volume that can be inhaled during forced breathing + tidal volume

Expiratory reserve (1000 mL) - volume that can be exhaled during forced breathing + tidal volume

Vital capacity (4500 mL) - maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after taking the deepest breath

Residual volume (1500 mL) - volume that cannot be exhaled

Total lung volume (6 L) - VC + RV

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19
Q

Define apnea, dyspnea, eupnea, and orthopnea.

A

Apnea - cessation of breathing

Dyspnea - subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing

Eupnea - normal quiet breathing

Orthopnea - inability to breath confortably while lying down

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20
Q

List a few non-respiratory air movements.

A

Coughing, hiccuping, laughing, sneezing, yawning, signing, crying

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21
Q

Know the organs, in order, that make up the alimentary canal. (include regions of
organs)

A

Oral cavity (mouth)
Pharynx (throat)
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine

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22
Q

Be able to identify the accessory organs of alimentary canal

A

Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver and gallbladder
Pancreas

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23
Q

What is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical - breaks down food into small pieces by chewing

Chemical - enzymatic breakdown

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24
Q

List and define the functions of the digestive system.

A

Indigestion - intake of food

Digestion - breakdown of food

Propulsive movements - swallowing

Secretion - mucus, digestive enzymes, bile

Absorption - uptake of nutrients; occurs primarily in small intestine

Compaction - absorb water, consolidate indigestible residue; occurs in large intestine

Defecation - elimination of feces

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25
Q

What bones make up the hard palate?

A

Maxilla and palatine bones

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26
Q

What is the function of the soft palate and uvula?

A

Helps retain food in mouth before swallowing

Prevents ingested material from entering nasal region

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27
Q

Name and locate tonsils. What is their function?

A

Palatine Tonsil
-posterior, lateral oral cavity
-monitor ingested food and drink for antigens
-initiates an immune response

Lingual Tonsil
-posterioinferior surface

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28
Q

Name and location of salivary glands. What is the function of saliva?

A

Function
-moistens, cleanses and lubricates structures and membranes in oral cavity
-contains antibodies and antibacterial substances
-contains enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion
-moistens food and helps form bolus
-dissolves molecules for taste

Parotid glands
Submandibular glands
Sublingual glands

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29
Q

Epithelium of pharynx.

A

Nasopharynx - pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx - stratified squamous epithelium

Laryngopharynx - Stratified squamous epithelium

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30
Q

Name and locate membranes of abdominal cavity.

A

Parietal peritoneum - lines the wall of the cavity

Visceral peritoneum - covers organs

Peritoneal cavity - between parietal membranes

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31
Q

List from superficial to deep the layers of esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Mucosa

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32
Q

Blood vessels that supply certain regions of GI tract.

A

Celiac trunk - supplies blood to liver, pancreas, stomach

Superior mesenteric artery - small intestine, cecum, ascending colon, first 2/3 of transverse colon

Inferior mesenteric artery - last 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

Hepatic portal system - venous drainage of GI tract ultimately drains into hepatic portal vein

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33
Q

Innervation of GI tract. Location and function of each branch of the enteric nervous system.

A

Cranial nerves
-tongue movements, mastication, and initiation of swallowing
-hypoglossal, trigeminal, vagus, glossopharyngeal

Autonomic Nervous System
-Parasympathetic nervous system (Vagus)
–stimulates secretions, motility and relaxes sphincters
-Sympathetic nervous system
–inhibits secretions, motility and stimulates sphincters

Enteric Nervous System
-extensive network
-two networks
–submucosal plexus (glandular secretion)
–myenteric plexus (motility)

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34
Q

Modifications of mucosa and sub-mucosa of small intestines. Function of these?

A

Circular folds - slows movement through small intestine

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35
Q

Location and function of a lacteal.

A

Located in small intestines

Used in the absorption of dietary lipids and fat soluble vitamins

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36
Q

Name, function and location of sphincters. Difference in internal and external anal sphincter.

A

Located in anal canal

Internal anal sphincter - involuntary
External anal sphincter - voluntary

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37
Q

Name and functions of cells within gastric glands

A

Mucous cells
Stem cells
Parietal cells - HCl and intrinsic factors
Cheif cells - pepsinogen
Enteroendocrine cells - secrete hormones that regular digestion

38
Q

Main functions of different regions of small intestine. What is the shortest segment?

A

Duodenum (10”)
-receives chyme from stomach, pancreatic juices, and bile

Jejunum (8’)
-site of most digestion and absorption

Ileum (11’)
-circular muscle thickens to form ileocecal valve

39
Q

Unique structural features of large intestines.

A

Taeniae coli - 3 muscle band that runs length of colon

Haustra - bulges in colon wall

Appendix - lymphatic organ

Rectum

Anal canal

40
Q

Functions of large intestine.

A

Compaction
-absorb water
-consolidate indigestible residue and undigested food
-absorption of salts, some vitamins

41
Q

What is the largest digestive organ?

A

Liver

42
Q

Name for liver cells? Describe structure and function of hepatic lobule.

A

Hepatocytes; structural and functional units of liver

Structure:
Hepatic plates radiate from central vein
Portal triad on periphery
-hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct
Hepatic sinusoids
Bile canaliculi

43
Q

Describe blood supply to liver.

A

Receives blood from hepatic artery (30%) and hepatic portal vein (70%)

Hepatic veins direct blood to IVC

44
Q

Where are Kupffer cells found?

A

Sinusoids

45
Q

Describe structure and list functions of liver.

A

Falciform ligament - separates right and left lobes
Porta Hepatis - region where hepatic artery and portal veins enter liver
Hepatic portal vein - carries blood from stomach, inestines, spleen to liver

Produces bile
Filters blood
Detoxifies drugs and toxins
Deactivates hormones
Synthesizes most blood proteins
Lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism

46
Q

Describe structure and list functions of gallbladder.

A

Thin walled muscular sac
Cystic duct
Bile passages

Stores and concentrates bile

47
Q

Trace pathway for bile from cells that form it to the small intestine

A

Hepatic ducts merge to form common hepatic duct

Cystic duct and common hypatic duct merge to form common bile duct

Common bile duct to hepatopancreatic ampulla

48
Q

What is the digestive function of the pancreas?

A

Secrete pancreatic juice

49
Q

List organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

50
Q

List functions of the urinary system.

A

Filters plasma
Regulates osmolarity
Regulates blood volume
Hormonal regulation of blood pressure
Secretes eryhthropoetin
Contributes to calcium homeostasis
Aids in acid/base balance
Detoxifies free radicals and drugs
Helps support blood glucose levels during starvation
Excretion of nitrogenous wastes
Storage and excretion of urine

51
Q

Location of kidneys, ureters and urinary bladder.

A

Kidneys - against posterior wall of abdominal cavity; retroperitoneal

Ureters - Retroperitoneal; attachs to inferior and posterior aspect of bladder

Bladder - Posterior to pubic symphysis and anterior to rectum

52
Q

Describe regions anatomy of kidney.

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
–renal pyramids
–renal columns
Renal papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis

53
Q

Know renal circulation. What is the difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta (location/blood flow)? What type of capillaries is found in the glomerulus?

A

Abdominal aorta
Renal artery
Segmental artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Interlobular artery
Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta
Interlobular vein
Arcuate vein
Interlobal vein
Renal vein
IVC

Only 1-2% of blood flow enter vasa recta
98-99% flow through peritbular capillaries

54
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

55
Q

What structure makes up the renal corpuscle? Describe. What occurs here?

A

Glomerulus and Bowman Capsule

Glomerular filtration

56
Q

List in order the parts of the nephron the filtrate will pass through in order to reach a collecting duct.

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephon loop - descending and ascending
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

57
Q

What is the difference between a cortical and juxtaglomerular nephron?

A

Cortical
-glomerulus just beneath renal capsule
-short nephron loop

Juxtaglomerular
-glomerulus near medulla
-long nephron loop that extends into renal pyramids
-only 15% of nephrons

58
Q

What processes are involved in urine production?

A

Glomular filtration
-filtrate moves out of glomerulus into capsular space

Tubular reabsorption
-from filtrate into blood of peritubular capillaries

Tubular secretion
-from blood in peritubular capillaries into filtrate

59
Q

Describe the components, location and function of the JG apparatus.

A

Found where distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent arteriole

Macula densa - monitors flow and composition of filtrate within distal nephron

Juxtaglomerular cells - secrete renin

60
Q

Function of ureters.

A

10” musuclar tubes

Peristaltic contractions move urine toward urinary bladder - NOT GRAVITY

61
Q

Function of urinary bladder. Type of epithelial tissue that lines urinary
bladder. Name muscle layer.

A

Function - store urine
Muscular sac - detrusor muscle
Mucosa: transitional epithelium

62
Q

Differences in male and female urethra.

A

Female
-about 1.5”
-external orifice between clitoris and vaginal opening
-transports urine

Male
-about 8”
-3 regions
-transports urine and semen

63
Q

Differences between the internal/external anal sphincters.

A

Internal - smooth muscle
External - skeletal muscle

64
Q

Know flow of urine.

A

Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urethra

65
Q

Differences between primary and secondary sex organs.

A

Primary
-Male: testes
-Female: ovaries

Secondary
-Male: ducts, glands, penis
-Female: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

66
Q

Know how to distinguish between different types of follicles and oocytes. Know
what type of oocyte is in a particular type of follicle.

A

Primordial follicle
-primary oocyte surrounds by single layer of flattened cells

Primary follicle
-forms from a maturing primordial follicle
-primary oocyte surrounded by 1 layer of granulosa cells
-zona pellucida forms
-some mature into secondary follciles; some undergo atresia

Secondary follicle
-primary oocyte surround by several layers of granulosa cells
-thecal cells develop on periphery of follicle
-follicle beings to respond to FSH and LH

Antral follicle
-primary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiate
-antrum develops
-20 days before ovulation 1 becomes dominant; others die
-dominant follicle develops into mature follicle

Mature follicle
-large antrum
-secondary oocyte arrested in metphase II and polar body surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiata
-bulging from ovarian surface

67
Q

Hormones secreted by granulosa (granular) cells of follicle and corpus luteum and time frame of secretion.

A

Days 1-13, granulosa cells secrete estrogen

Days 15-28, granulsa cells change into corpus luteum and secrete both estrogen and progesterone

68
Q

3 phases of ovarian cycle: time frame (days), major events.

A

Follicular phase: days 1-13
FSH and LH stimulate that dominant antral follicle to become mature follicle

Ovulation: day 14
LH surge, release of secondary oocte

Luteal phase: days 15-28
Granulosa cells change into corpus luteum; secretes estrogen and progesterone

69
Q

Define menarche, perimenopause and menopause.

A

Menarche - first occurance of menstration

Perimenopause - period of time before menopause; estrogen and progesterone levels drop

Menopause - maturation of follicles and ovulation have stopped; estrogen and progesterone levels decline

70
Q

Fallopian tubes: regions, epithelial tissue lining tube

A

Infundibulum - funnel shaped opening
Fimbriae - lined with ciliated epithelium

71
Q

Location of fertilization

A

Proximal 1/3 of uterine tube

72
Q

Regions and locations of uterus.

A

Tilts foward over the urinary bladder

Fundus
Body
Cervix

73
Q

Layers and functions of endometrium.

A

Stratum basale - rengerates stratum functionalis

Stratum functionale - shed as menses

Myometrium - smooth muscle

74
Q

What hormones affect the endometrium during wk 1-2 and 3-4.

A

Week 1-2: estrogen
Week 3-4: progesterone

75
Q

What causes menses?

A

The secondary oocyte is not fertilized, causing progesterone levels to drop. The funtional layer drops off as menstration

76
Q

Describe the structure of the vagina.

A

Tubular, fibromuscular organ
3.6” vaginal orifice to cervix
Fornix
Vaginal rugae
Vaginal orifice
Hymen

77
Q

Give location of all structures of the vulva

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora and minora
Vaginal vestibule
Clitoris
Vestibular bulbs
Vestibular glands

78
Q

Hypothalamic hormone? It’s function?

A

GnRH - stimulates anterior pituitary to produce and secrete FSH and LH

79
Q

Pituitary hormones? Main functions of each?

A

FSH - stimulates development and maturation of ovarian follicles

LH - stimulates ovulation

80
Q

Phases of uterine cycle: time frame, main events.

A

1-5 Menstrual cycle
-menstruation
-caused by drop in estrogen and progesterone

5-14 Proliferative phase
-estrogen
-mitotic repair of endometrium

15-28 Secondary phase
-estrogen and progesterone
-increased blood flow to uterine lining
-increased glandular secretions

81
Q

Function and structure of scrotum.

A

Pouchlike structure behind the penis

Supports and protects testes

Median septum - isolates testes to prevent spread of infection

Dartos muscle - within wall of scrotum

Cremaster muscle - surrounds spermatic cord

82
Q

Muscles associated with scrotum. Function?

A

When temp is warm:
-dartos and cremaster relax
-testes move away from body

When temp is cold
-cremaster pulls testes closed to body
-dartos holds testes against body wall

83
Q

Structures within spermatic cord.

A

Ductus deferens
Blood vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics
Cremaster muscle

84
Q

Function of seminiferous tubules, sustentacular cells, and interstitial cells.

A

Seminiferous tubules
-location of meiosis

Sustentacular cells
-line tubular walls
-aid spermatogensis

Interstitial cells
-between seminiferous tubules
-secrete testosterone

85
Q

Difference between spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis - the transformation of germ cells into spermatozoa

Spermiogenesis - spermatids differentiate into mature sperm

86
Q

Parts of a sperm.

A

Head
-haploid nucleus
-acrosome: lysosomal cap containing enzymes used to penetrate the egg

Midpeice - mitochondria around filament core

Tail - flagellum

87
Q

Functions/locations of epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal
vesicles and prostate.

A

Epididymis - maturation and storage of sperm

Ductus Deferens - witinin spermatic cord

Ejaculatory duct - forms by union of ductus deferens and duct of seminal vesicle

Seminal vesicles - behind bladder - secrete alkaline fluid that contributes to motility of sperm

Prostate - beneath bladder -secretes alkaline fluid that assists sperm motility

88
Q

List tubes sperm must past through when exiting the body.

A

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus Deferens
Ejaculatory Ducts
Urethra

89
Q

Describe the composition of semen

A

3-5mL

Alkaline fluid
2-5% sperm
25-30% prostatic fluid
65-75% seminal vesicle fluid

50-120 million/mL

90
Q

What is the difference between erection and ejaculation?

A

Erection - parasympathetic NS

Ejaculation - sympathetic NS

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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