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Human Anatomy > Study Guide - Lecture Test 1 > Flashcards

Study Guide - Lecture Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the levels of structural organization in order?

A

Chemical - involves atoms and molecules
Cellular - consists of cells which are the basic structural and functional unit of life
Tissue - group of similar cells that unite to perform a particular function
Organ - structure composed of two or more tissue types
Organ system - group of organs that work together to accomplish a common function
Organismal - 11 organ systems make up a human being

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2
Q

Function and organs of Integumentary System

A

Function - protective covering, synthesizes vitamin D, sensory receptors, temperature regulation
Organs - skin, hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands

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3
Q

Function and organs of Skeletal System

A

Function - framework, protects soft organs, muscle attachment sites, site of hemopoiesis
Organs - bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

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4
Q

Function and organs of Muscular System

A

Function - movement, body posture, produces heat
Organs - muscles

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5
Q

Function and organs of Nervous System

A

Function - responds to sensory stimuli, controls body movement, helps control all other systems
Organs - brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

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6
Q

Function and organs of Endocrine System

A

Function - secrete hormones, regulate growth, reproductive functions
Organs - glands that secrete hormones

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7
Q

Function and organs of Cardiovascular System

A

Function - heart moves blood through vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, and picks up waste
Organs - heart, blood vessels

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8
Q

Function and organs of Lymphatic System

A

Function - transports and filters lymph, involved in immunity
Organs - lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs

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9
Q

Function and organs of Respiratory System

A

Function - responsible for exchange of gases between blood and the air in the lungs
Organs - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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10
Q

Function and organs of Digestive System

A

Function - mechanically and chemically digest food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products
Organs - oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines

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11
Q

Function and organs of Urinary System

A

Function - filters the blood and removes waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, and expels urine
Organs - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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12
Q

Functions and organs of Reproductive System

A

Function - produces sex cells and hormones
Organs - testes, scrotum, penis, assessory glands, duct system, ovary, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva

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13
Q

Coronal (frontal) Plane

A

Divide body into anterior/posterior

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14
Q

Transverse Plane

A

Superior/Inferior parts

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15
Q

Median (midsagittal) Plane

A

Equal halves

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16
Q

Parasagittal Plane

A

Unequal left and right parts

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17
Q

Oblique Plane

A

On an angle

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18
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the front

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19
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the back

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20
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back side

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21
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly side

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22
Q

Superior

A

Closer to the head

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23
Q

Inferior

A

Closer to the feet

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24
Q

Caudal

A

At the rear or tail end

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25
Q

Cranial

A

At the head end

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26
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose or the mouth

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27
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline

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28
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline

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29
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

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30
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side

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31
Q

Deep

A

On the inside

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32
Q

Superficial

A

On the outside

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33
Q

Proximal

A

Closest to point of attachment to trunk

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34
Q

Distal

A

Furthest from point of attachment to trunk

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35
Q

Dorsal (posterior) Body Cavities

A

Cranial cavity
Vertebral cavity

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36
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Thoracic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity

37
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Mediastinum
Pericardium
Pleura

38
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity

39
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

Right Hypochondriac
Right lumbar
Right iliac
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Left Hypochondriac
Left lumbar
Left iliac

40
Q

Location and names of serous membranes

A

Pericardial - pericardium
Pleural - pleura
Abdominal - peritoneum
Pelvic - peritoneum

41
Q

Methods of study

A

Inspection - looking at the surface; physical exam
Palpation - feeling a structure with hands
Auscultation - listening to normal sounds of body’s internal structures
Percussion - tapping sharply on the chest or abdomen to detect resonating vibrations
Dissection - cutting and separating of tissues

42
Q

Name the 4 basic tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

43
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

-One or more cell layers
-Closely adheared cells; minimal amount of matrix
-Avascular
-Apical surface
-Attached to a basement membrane
-High regeneration capacity

44
Q

List and define the specialized junctions of epithelial tissue

A

Tight junction - completely adheres each cell to its neighbor; force most substances to move through cells; not between

Adhering junction - formed comlpetely around cell; ultra-strong tight junction

Desmosomes - Adhering spot; provides resistance to mechanical stress; prevents cells from being pulls apart

Gap junctions - fluid-filled pore formed by transmembrane proteins; allows small molecules and ions to move from the cytoplasm of one cell to the cytoplasm of the adjacent cell

45
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Description and location

A

Single layer, flat cells
Location - aveoli, endothelium

46
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Single layer, cube shaped
Location - kidney tubules, ducts

47
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium
Description and location

A

Single layer, tall cells
Location - lining intestines and stomach

48
Q

Simple Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Description and location

A

Single layer, tall cells, cilia
Location - uterine tubes, larger bronchioles

49
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Multiple layers, apical cells squamous
Location - oral cavity, esophagus, vagina

50
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Single layer, nuclei at various levels, cilia
Location - nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi

51
Q

Transitional Epithelium
Description and location

A

Appearance varies
Location - urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra

52
Q

Types of glands

A

Endocrine - secretes hormone diretly into blood
Exocrine - secretes products into duct that empties onto a surface
Mixed - produces both endocrine and exocrine secretions

53
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A

Cells - each type of connective tissue contains specific types of cells

Protein fibers -
Collagen:tough and strong
Elastic:flexibile and resiliant
Reticular:form interwoven framework

Ground substance - nonliving gelatinous material produced by CT cells

Extraceullar matrix - fibers and ground substance

54
Q

Areolar Tissue
Description and location

A

-Loosely organized fibers
-Binds epithelium to deeper tissues; packs around organs
-Found throughout the body; dermis; around nerves, blood vessels, muscle cells

55
Q

Adipose Tissue
Function and location

A

-Adipocytes
-Stores energy, protection, insulation
-Subcutaneous fat, breasts, around eyes, kidneys, and heart

56
Q

Reticular Tissue
Function and location

A

-Meshwork of reticular fibers and fibroblasts
-Forms structural framework of lymphatic organs
-Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow

57
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Function and location

A

-Collagen fibers parallel and closely packed
-Resists stress in one direction
-Tendons and ligaments

58
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
Function and location

A

-Random arrangement of fibers
-Resists stress in all directions
-Dermis; periosteum, protective joint capsules, organ capsules

59
Q

Elastic Tissue
Function and location

A

-Many elastic fibers with densely packed collagen fibers
-Allows stretching of some organs
-Vocal cords, large and medium atrial walls

60
Q

Four types of membranes

A

Mucous - epithelial
Serous - epithelial
Cutaneous - epithelial
Synovial - non-epithelial

61
Q

Mucous membrane
Function and location

A

-Contains goblet cells that secrete mucous
-Lines tubes or cavities open to the outside of the body
-Protection, secretion and absorption

62
Q

Serous membrane
Function and location

A

-Line cavities not open to the outside and cover organs
-Two membrane sheets: visceral (covers organs) and parietal (lines cavity)
-Some cells secrete thin, water lubricant
-Reduces friction between visceral and parietal membranes

63
Q

Cutaneous membrane
Function and location

A

-Keratinized stratified squamous - epidermis
-Areolar and dense irregular CT - dermis
-Protect internal organs; prevent water loss

64
Q

Synovial membrane
Location and function

A

-Line joint cavities
-Secrete senovial fluid to reduce friction and distribute nutrients

65
Q

Smooth muscle

A

-Myocytes
-Single nucleus
-Not striated
-Involuntary
-Walls of hollow organs
-Flat sheets

66
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

-Muscle fibers
-Multinucleated
-Striated
-Voluntary
-Moves skeleton at joints and under skin

67
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

-Myocytes
-Branched
-Single nucleus
-Striated
-Intercalated disks
-Involuntary rhythmic
-Heart wall

68
Q

Types of nervous tissue cells

A

Neurons
-large cells
-detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit information

Neuroglia
-many, tiny cells
-support and bind nuerons together

69
Q

Function and location of nervous tissue

A

Function - internal communications
Location - brain, spinal cord, nerves

70
Q

Charateristics of neuron

A

Cell body (soma) - contains nucelus and most organelles; processes stimuli

Dendrites - short branched processes; receive stimuli and conduct small electrical signals toward cell body

Axon - long nerve cell process; conducts impulses away from cell body

71
Q

What are the two layers of the Integumentary System?

A

Epidermis and dermis

72
Q

Integument functions

A

Protection
Prevention of water loss
Thermoregulation
Metabloic regulation
Immune defense
Sensory reception
Excretion

73
Q

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

74
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

A

Stratum Basale
Stratum Spinosum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Corneum

75
Q

Difference between thin and thick skin

A

Thick
-Contains stratum lucidum
-Lacks hair and sebaceous glands
-Located on palms, soles, and digits

76
Q

Factors that contribute to color

A

Hemoglobin - red pigment of blood; carries oxygen
Melanin - brownish black pigment and reddish yellow pigment
Carotene - yellow orange pigment

77
Q

Abnormal skin colors

A

Cyanosis - blueness; lack of oxygen
Erythema - redness; increased blood flow
Pallor - pale; reduced blood flow
Albinism - white hair and pale skin; genetic lack of melanin
Jaundice - yellowing
Hematoma - bruise

78
Q

Skin markings

A

Mole - localized overgrowth of melanin forming cells
Freckle - localized excess melanocyte activity
Hemangioma - proliferation of blood vessels
Friction ridges - found on fingers, palms, soles, toes

79
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer - areolar tissue
Reticular layer - dense irregular connective tissue

80
Q

How does the epidermis get nutrients?

A

Capillary tuft in each papilla supplies nutrients

81
Q

What are lines of cleavage?

A

Orientation of collage fiber bundles

82
Q

Where is subcutaneous layer found and what is another name of this layer?

A

Deep to the dermis. Hypodermis

83
Q

What type of connective tissues are predominant in the hypodermis?

A

Areolar and adipose tissues

84
Q

Function of hypodermis

A

Binds the dermis to deeper tissue
Pads and protects body parts
Thermal insulation

85
Q

Zones of hair and locations of each

A

Hair bulb - swelling at the base where the hair originates in the epidermis
Hair root - portion of the hair deep to the skin surface
Hair shaft - portion of hair that extends beyond the skin surface

86
Q

Glands assocaited with skin

A

Sweat glands
-Aporcrine sweat gland - produce viscous, complex secretion
-Merocrine sweat gland - produce nonviscous, watery secretion

Sebaceous glands - produce oily solution

Other glands
-Ceruminous
-Mammary

87
Q

Distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns

A

1st degree - only epidermis; redness, pain

2nd degree - epidermis and part of dermis; blistered and painful

3rd degree - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer - often destroyed

88
Q

Rule of 9’s

A

Used to estimate surface area of a burn to determine the amount of fluid replacement. The body is divided into areas representing 9% or multiples of 9%

89
Q

Types of skin caner

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma
-most common type
-originates in stratum basale
-usually on face

Squamous Cell Carcinoma
-arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
-usually on scalp, ears, lower lip, or back of hand

Malignant Melanoma
-most deadly type
-arises from melanocytes
-signs of melanoma using ABCDE rule
A-asymmetry
B-border
C-color
D-diameter
E-evolving

Human Anatomy (8 decks)

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