Lectures 2,4 And 5

Question 1

Why does diversity matter for organizations?

Answer 1

1. better and specific knowledge of marketplace
2. Better utalization of talent
3. more creativity, innovation and problem solving

This is much more deep-level diversity

Question 2

What is inclusion?

Answer 2

Sense of belonging and a feeling that you are respected and accepted.

Question 3

What does Schwarz’ value model do?

Answer 3

It measures the relative importance of value differences between individuals. It consists of 10 values.

Question 4

Name the four perspectives on composing the team?

Answer 4

1. Hire best individual for each postion
2. Talent is not everything, teamwork matters
3. Talent of SOME members more important than of others (strategic core roles)
4. Configuration of members’ characteristics impacts team effectiveness.

Question 5

Elements of an effective team?

Answer 5

1. Productivity output
2. team viability: increased ability to perform as unit
3. Satisfactions and learning for team members

Question 6

What are strategic core roles?

Answer 6

These are roles within an organization that are central to the workflow and hold more exposure to tasks and problems. Talent of core role holders is more important than talent of non-core holders.

Question 7

Describe the two views on a team forming perspective focusing on team diversity?

Answer 7

1. Optimistic view: more knowledge and information–> Better information processing
2. Pessimistic view: social categorization and intergroup bias–> Diversity bad for performance and team viability

Question 8

What is intergroup bias?

Answer 8

Bias that those of our in-group are more favourably perceived than those of the out-group.

Question 9

What are the components of a mission analysis?

Answer 9

1. Identify tasks
2. Understand context
3. Identify available resources
4. Diagnose prior performance and understand causes of outcomes

Question 10

What are the steps in strategy formulation and planning?

Answer 10

1. Plan course of action
2. Distribute roles and responsibilities
3. Set expectations

Question 11

What is the Ringelmann effect?

Answer 11

Ringelmann found that the bigger the group, the less the average effort was. This is often during additive tasks = Outcome = sum of individual contributions. Effort is dispensable

Question 12

What is the Köhler effect?

Answer 12

Köhler found that the bigger the group the more effort was exerted. This was the case with conjunctive tasks: outcome = contribution weakest member. Effort is indispensable

Question 13

How to avoid free-riding?

Answer 13

1. Increae intrinsic interest
2. Increase team-efficacy
3. Fit team so that every member has unique skills
4. Make individual contributions distringuishable
5. Increase team cohesion.

Question 14

Name the different types of conflict

Answer 14

1. Relationship conflict: awareness interpersonal differences
2. Task conflict: different viewpoints
3. Process conflict: different ideas on how to tackle problems and task

Question 15

What is epistemic motivation?

Answer 15

A willingness to think in order to understand the issue

Question 16

What is social motivation?

Answer 16

Degree to which members care more about their individual or collective outcomes

Question 17

What is perception?

Answer 17

Process in which sensory impressions are organized and interpreted to give meaning to the environment. This perception of reality in turn influences behavior.

Question 18

What is attribution theory’s main premise?

Answer 18

The main premise is that individuals try to determine whether behaviour is internally or externally caused:

1. Internal attribution
2. External attribution

Question 19

Which factors determine whether behaviour is internally or externally attributed?

Answer 19

1. Consistency
2. Distinctiveness: different behaviour in different situations
3. Consensus: same behaviour of others in same situation

Question 20

Errors of attribution theory?

Answer 20

1. Fundamental attribution error: tendency to overestimate influence internal factors and underestimate influence of external factors.
2. Self-serving bias: success is attributed to internal factors

Question 21

What are heuristics?

Answer 21

These are cognitive shortcuts and simple rules for making judgments and decisions while ignoring a lot of information.

Question 22

Name three meta-biases resulting in decision biases

Answer 22

1. Availability shortcut
2. Self-enhancement
3. Illusion of control

Question 23

What are examples of the availability shortcut?

Answer 23

1. Retrievability bias
2. Anchoring and adjustment bias
3. Representativeness bias

Question 23

What is the retrievability bias?

Answer 23

Making frequency judgments based on the ease with which one can retrieve examples

Question 24

What is the anchoring and adjustment bias?

Answer 24

Tendency to fixate on an initial piece of information and not adjust sufficiently to subsequent information

Question 25

What is the representativeness bias?

Answer 25

Tendency to overestimate how often stereotypical cases present themselves

Question 26

What is the better-than-average effect?

Answer 26

Tendency to evaluate yourself better than average on desirable characteristics

Question 27

What is the illusion of control?

Answer 27

Belief that the world can be understood and controlled in greater degree than it actually can