Lectures 8 and 9

Question 1

Which Resonant Consonants or Sonorants are similare to vowels?

Answer 1

nasals

liquids

glides

Question 2

What are Non-Resonant Consonants or Obstruents?

Answer 2

Stops

Fricatives

Affricates

Question 3

What are characteristics of Resonant Consonants?

Answer 3

Free airflow, articulation shapes vocal-tract cavities

characterized mainly by formant frequencies

all are voiced- having a periodic laryneal source

Question 4

What are characteristics of no-resonant consonants or obsturents?

Answer 4

blocked or restricted airflow

have aperiodic sounds sources in the upper vocal tract

can be voiced or voiceless

Question 5

What is the sound sorce for a voiced consonant?

Answer 5

periodic laryngeal source

Question 6

What is the sound source for voiceless consonants?

Answer 6

supraglottal noise sources

aperiodic laryngeal source

Question 7

What are the sound sources in obsturents?

Answer 7

stops bursts

frication

Question 8

What is the sound source for voiced obstruents?

Answer 8

periodic and aperiodic sources

Question 9

What are examples of resonoant consonatns (sonorants)?

Answer 9

apporoximants –> liquids –> /r/, /l/

apporximants –> glides –> /w/, /j/

Question 10

Is the formant transition faster or slower for vowels?

Answer 10

faster

Question 11

When do consonants occur?

Answer 11

on periphery: next to vowles but cannot take their place

Question 12

What do vowels form for a word?

Answer 12

the nucleus of the word

Question 13

What is the productio of glide [j] similar to?

Answer 13

[i]

Question 14

What is the production of glide [j]?

Answer 14

high, front tongue position

genioglossus active

risorius and buccinator active also

Question 15

What are the formant values for [j]?

Answer 15

low F1

High F2

Question 16

What is glide [w] similar to?

Answer 16

[u]

Question 17

What is the production of [w]?

Answer 17

high, back tongue position, rounded lips

styloglossus and orbicularis oris active

Question 18

What are the formant volues for [w]?

Answer 18

Low F1

Low F2

Question 19

What is the position for [l]?

Answer 19

tongue-tip contact with the alveolar ridge: the sides of the tongue are doewn: ther eis a lateral emission of air

Question 20

What is the position of [r]?

Answer 20

retroflexed (tongue tip bent back)

often a lip is rounded

Question 21

What are the acoustics of [l], [r] ? (evident in F2 and F3)

Answer 21

F3 low for [r]

F3 level for {l}

Question 22

Are most speech sounds oral or nasal?

Answer 22

oral

Question 23

Can liquids function as syllable nuclei?

Answer 23

yes

Question 25

What happens with oral soudns?

Answer 25

VP port is closed levator palatini muscle is active possible contraction of superior constrictor and uvular muscle

Question 26

What happens for nasal sounds?

Answer 26

levator palatini muscle is relaxed palatoglussus muscle may actively lower velum as well as palatopharyngeus

Question 27

Where are nasal sounds blocked? Same for places of articulation for stops

Answer 27

at the lips at the alveolar ridge at the soft palate

Question 28

When the VP port is open what kind of resonant cavity does this create?

Answer 28

large cavity

Question 29

What is the F1 that is sometimes called a nasal murmur?

Answer 29

250-500 Hz

Question 30

Where can non-resonant consonants - fricatives be produced?

Answer 30

labiodental linguadental alveolar postalveolar

Question 31

What happens for labiodental fircatives?

Answer 31

lower lip approximates upper incisors obicularis oris ingerior is active

Question 32

What happens for lingua-dental fricatives?

Answer 32

tongue tip apporximates upper incisors superior lontitudinal tonge muscles are active

Question 33

What happens with alveolar fricatives?

Answer 33

tongue forms constriction at alveolar ridge air flows thorugh midline groove of tongue against teeth short anterior cavity emphasizes high frequencies

Question 34

postalveolar fircatives

Answer 34

tongue forms groove in alveolarpalatal region lips are often rounded longer anterior cavity emphasizes lower frequencies

Question 35

What are high frequencies emphasized for?

Answer 35

alveolar fricatives

Question 36

what are lower frequencies emphasized for?

Answer 36

alveopalatal fricatives

Question 37

what happens with a glottal fricative?

Answer 37

no supraglottal constriction involves turgulent noise at the glottis may be voiced cocal tract shape depends on the vowel that follows it

Question 38

How are stops produced?

Answer 38

complete articulatory closure in oral cabity VP port is closed the intraoral pressure rises during the closure intraoral pressure drops at the release oral release yeilds a transient noise sourece, also called a release burst

Question 39

What happens for bilabial stops?

Answer 39

orbicularis oris used for lip closure

Question 40

what happens for alveolar stops?

Answer 40

superior longitudinal muscle elevates the tongue tip

Question 41

What happens for velar stops?

Answer 41

styloglossus and palatoglossus muscles raise tongue dorwum hylohyoid raises floor of oral cavity contact is velor or palatal depending on vowel context

Question 42

glottal stop:

Answer 42

vocal folds tightly approximated

Question 43

How are the places of stop articulation indicated?

Answer 43

**frequency rage of most instense portion of release burst: ** bilabials, low frequencies alveolar stops: higher frequencies velar stops: burst frequencies depend on following vowel **F2 fransition to/from the following/precedign vowel** as for vowels, F2 relates to tongue position in oral cavity F2 transition refelcts placement of following vowel

Question 44

how are syllable-initial stops mainly differentiated?

Answer 44

Voice Onset Time (VOT): this is the tim between stop release and phonation onset

Question 45

What are the three categories VOT?

Answer 45

voicing lead: voicing begins before stop release zero onset/short-lag: voicing begins at or very shorltly after stop release long-lag VOT: voicing begins well after release

Question 46

What happens during a voicing lead?

Answer 46

vocal folds apporximated thougout stop closure phonation occurs during stop closure

Question 47

What happens during short-lag?

Answer 47

vocal folds adducted by the time the stop is released silent closure; phonation begins at rlease or just after

Question 48

What happens during long-lag?

Answer 48

vocal folds adduct after teh stop is released voicing is delayed; the stop is aspirated